{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:54:56Z","timestamp":1776250496556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["24659784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24659784"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K09864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K09864"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to elucidate the vasodilatory effects and cytotoxicity of various vasodilators used as antispasmodic agents during microsurgical anastomosis. Rat smooth muscle cells (RSMCs) and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were used to investigate the physiological concentrations and cytotoxicity of various vasodilators (lidocaine, papaverine, nitroglycerin, phentolamine, and orciprenaline). Using a wire myograph system, we determined the vasodilatory effects of each drug in rat abdominal aortic sections at the concentration resulting in maximal vasodilation as well as at the surrounding concentrations 10 min after administration. Maximal vasodilation effect 10 min after administration was achieved at the following concentrations: lidocaine, 35 mM; papaverine, 0.18 mM; nitroglycerin, 0.022 mM; phentolamine, 0.11 mM; olprinone, 0.004 mM. The IC50 for lidocaine, papaverine, and nitroglycerin was measured in rat abdominal aortic sections, as well as in RSMCs after 30 min and in HCAECs after 10 min. Phentolamine and olprinone showed no cytotoxicity towards RSMCs or HCAECs. The concentrations of the various drugs required to achieve vasodilation were lower than the reported clinical concentrations. Lidocaine, papaverine, and nitroglycerin showed cytotoxicity, even at lower concentrations than those reported clinically. Phentolamine and olprinone show antispasmodic effects without cytotoxicity, making them useful candidates for local administration as antispasmodics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:43:30Z","timestamp":1688085810000},"page":"10850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vasodilating Effects of Antispasmodic Agents and Their Cytotoxicity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Endothelial Cells\u2014Potential Application in Microsurgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Misato","family":"Ueda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuki","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruo","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyogo Prefectural Harima-Himeji General Medical Centre, Himeji 670-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0321-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadashi","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Terashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5644-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Sakakibara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675146","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome after Successful Lower Extremity Free Flap Salvage","volume":"35","author":"Bigdeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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