{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:44:07Z","timestamp":1791006247084,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province","award":["2022BFE003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BFE003"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province","award":["SDAIT-17-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-17-06"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team of Hubei Province","award":["2022BFE003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BFE003"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team of Hubei Province","award":["SDAIT-17-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-17-06"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology &amp; Industry system","award":["2022BFE003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BFE003"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology &amp; Industry system","award":["SDAIT-17-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-17-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Copper (Cu)-based antimicrobial compounds (CBACs) have been widely used to control phytopathogens for nearly fourteen decades. Since the first commercialized Bordeaux mixture was introduced, CBACs have been gradually developed from highly to slightly soluble reagents and from inorganic to synthetic organic, with nanomaterials being a recent development. Traditionally, slightly soluble CBACs form a physical film on the surface of plant tissues, separating the micro-organisms from the host, then release divalent or monovalent copper ions (Cu2+ or Cu+) to construct a secondary layer of protection which inhibits the growth of pathogens. Recent progress has demonstrated that the release of a low concentration of Cu2+ may elicit immune responses in plants. This supports a triple-tiered protection role of CBACs: break contact, inhibit microorganisms, and stimulate host immunity. This spatial defense system, which is integrated both inside and outside the plant cell, provides long-lasting and broad-spectrum protection, even against emergent copper-resistant strains. Here, we review recent findings and highlight the perspectives underlying mitigation strategies for the sustainable utilization of CBACs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:43:30Z","timestamp":1688085810000},"page":"10893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Double- or Triple-Tiered Protection: Prospects for the Sustainable Application of Copper-Based Antimicrobial Compounds for Another Fourteen Decades"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2389-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8320-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246067","article-title":"Leverage points for improving global food security and the environment","volume":"345","author":"West","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2437","article-title":"Climate-smart agriculture for food security","volume":"4","author":"Lipper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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