{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:27:51Z","timestamp":1787506071972,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]],"date-time":"2023-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Pecs, Hungary"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and ADAMTS13 have previously been implicated in the pathophysiological processes of SAH. In the present study, we aim to examine their role in the early period of SAH and their relationship to primary and secondary outcomes. Serum samples were collected at five time periods after SAH (at 24 h (D1), at 72 h (D3), at 120 h (D5), at 168 h (D7) and at 216 h (D9), post-admission) and) were measured by using MILLIPLEX Map Human Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Magnetic Bead Panel 2. We included 150 patients with SAH and 30 healthy controls. GDF-15 levels at D1 to D9 were significantly associated with a 3-month unfavorable outcome. Based on the ROC analysis, in patients with a good clinical grade at admission (WFNS I-III), the GDF-15 value measured at time point D3 predicted a 3-month unfavorable outcome (cut-off value: 3.97 ng\/mL, AUC:0.833, 95%CI: 0.728\u20130.938, sensitivity:73.7%, specificity:82.6%, p &lt; 0.001). Univariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that serum NGAL levels at D1-D5 and ADAMTS13 levels at D7-D9 were associated with MVS following SAH. GDF-15 is an early indicator of a poor 3-month functional outcome even in patients with mild clinical conditions at admission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:34:08Z","timestamp":1688344448000},"page":"11005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Different Kinetics of Serum ADAMTS13, GDF-15, and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in the Early Phase of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Csecsei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Olah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgical Unit, B.A.Z. County Hospital, 3526 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8440-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reka","family":"Varnai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Health Care, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabina","family":"Erdo-Bonyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timea","family":"Berki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mate","family":"Czabajszki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgical Unit, B.A.Z. County Hospital, 3526 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1715-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laszlo","family":"Zavori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Saudi German Hospital, Dubai 391093, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Schwarcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6149-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tihamer","family":"Molnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70126-7","article-title":"Changes in case fatality of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and region: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Nieuwkamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-010-8155-z","article-title":"Metamorphosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage research: From delayed vasospasm to early brain injury","volume":"43","author":"Sehba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. 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