{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T13:35:52Z","timestamp":1787405752416,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Like other chronic viral infections, HIV-1 persistence inhibits the development of antigen-specific memory T-cells, resulting in the exhaustion of the immune response and chronic inflammation. Autophagy is a major lysosome-dependent mechanism of intracellular large-target degradation such as lipid and protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and intracellular pathogens. Although it is known that autophagy may target HIV-1 for elimination, knowledge of its function as a metabolic contributor in such viral infection is only in its infancy. Recent data show that elite controllers (EC), who are HIV-1-infected subjects with natural and long-term antigen (Ag)-specific T-cell protection against the virus, are characterized by distinct metabolic autophagy-dependent features in their T-cells compared to other people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Despite durable viral control with antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1-specific immune dysfunction does not normalize in non-controller PLWH. Therefore, the hypothesis of inducing autophagy to strengthen their Ag-specific T-cell immunity against HIV-1 starts to be an enticing concept. The aim of this review is to critically analyze promises and potential limitations of pharmacological and dietary interventions to activate autophagy in an attempt to rescue Ag-specific T-cell protection among PLWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T01:32:18Z","timestamp":1688434338000},"page":"11018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Harnessing Autophagy to Overcome Antigen-Specific T-Cell Dysfunction: Implication for People Living with HIV-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Ghahari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Telittchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2646-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Loucif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EVAH Corp., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest, Laval, QC H7V 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6249-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane","family":"Isnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9897-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Routy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6912-0674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Olagnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"van Grevenynghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175827","article-title":"Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) classes: From cell signaling to endocytic recycling and autophagy","volume":"953","author":"Sanaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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