{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T21:17:02Z","timestamp":1762809422079,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTCs) are central players during renal inflammation. In response to inflammatory signals, PTCs not only self-express altered mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, and lipids, but also release altered extracellular vesicles (EVs). These EVs also carry inflammation-specific cargo molecules and are key players in cell\u2013cell-communication. Understanding the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to inflammation in the kidney is the most important way to identify early targets for the prevention or treatment of acute kidney injury. Therefore, highly purified human PTCs were used as an in vitro model to study the cellular response to an inflammatory microenvironment. A cytokine-induced inflammatory system was established to analyze different miRNA expression in cells and their EVs. In detail, we characterized the altered miR expression of PTCs and their released EVs during induced inflammation and showed that 12 miRNAs were significantly regulated in PTCs (6 upregulated and 6 downregulated) and 9 miRNAs in EVs (8 upregulated and 1 downregulated). We also showed that only three of the miRNAs were found to overlap between cells and EVs. As shown by the KEGG pathway analysis, these three miRNAs (miR-146a-5p, miR-147b, and miR-155-5p) are functionally involved in the regulation of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and significantly correlated with the inflammatory mediators IL6 and ICAM1 released by stimulated PTCs. Especially with regard to a possible clinical use of miRs as new biomarkers, an accurate characterization of the miR expression altered during inflammatory processes is of enormous importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:33:42Z","timestamp":1688517222000},"page":"11069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["microRNA Expression of Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in an Inflammatory Microenvironment In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8113-3312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Baer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt\/M., Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Neuhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergology, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt\/M., Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7124-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergology, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt\/M., Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.351","article-title":"Overview of factors contributing to the pathophysiology of progressive renal disease","volume":"74","author":"Schlondorff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa164","article-title":"The complex interplay between kidney injury and inflammation","volume":"14","author":"McWilliam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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