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Non-invasive multi-modality imaging approaches using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging have emerged as valuable tools for assessing PAD atheromatous plaques and vessel walls. This review provides an overview of these different imaging techniques, their advantages, limitations, and recent advancements. In addition, this review highlights the importance of molecular markers, including those related to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, in PAD pathophysiology. The potential of integrating molecular and imaging markers for an improved understanding of PAD is also discussed. Despite the promise of this integrative approach, there remain several challenges, including technical limitations in imaging modalities and the need for novel molecular marker discovery and validation. Addressing these challenges and embracing future directions in the field will be essential for maximizing the potential of molecular and imaging markers for improving PAD patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:34:30Z","timestamp":1688603670000},"page":"11123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multi-Modality Imaging of Atheromatous Plaques in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Integrating Molecular and Imaging Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6634-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Hwey","family":"Nai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers, Singapore 348615, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2528-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl Pei Ling","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fraser Kirwan","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infocomm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forest Su Lim","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infocomm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4741-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dexter Yak Seng","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore 768828, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Jie","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119074, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2289-5266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwen Joseph","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Woodlands Health, Singapore 258499, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tze Tec","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 168752, Singapore"},{"name":"Surgical Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore"},{"name":"Vascular SingHealth Duke-NUS Disease Centre, Singapore 168752, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek John","family":"Hausenloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore 169609, Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"},{"name":"The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535","article-title":"Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease and Polyvascular Disease","volume":"128","author":"Aday","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. 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