{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:14:23Z","timestamp":1777652063826,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":319,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aprotinin (APR) was discovered in 1930. APR is an effective pan-protease inhibitor, a typical \u201cmagic shotgun\u201d. Until 2007, APR was widely used as an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory drug in cardiac and noncardiac surgeries for reduction of bleeding and thus limiting the need for blood transfusion. The ability of APR to inhibit proteolytic activation of some viruses leads to its use as an antiviral drug for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory virus infections. However, due to incompetent interpretation of several clinical trials followed by incredible controversy in the literature, the usage of APR was nearly stopped for a decade worldwide. In 2015\u20132020, after re-analysis of these clinical trials\u2019 data the restrictions in APR usage were lifted worldwide. This review discusses antiviral mechanisms of APR action and summarizes current knowledge and prospective regarding the use of APR treatment for diseases caused by RNA-containing viruses, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, or as a part of combination antiviral treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T01:41:36Z","timestamp":1688694096000},"page":"11173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Aprotinin\u2014Drug against Respiratory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Alexandre V.","family":"Ivachtchenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ChemDiv Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA"},{"name":"ASAVI LLC, 1835 East Hallandale Blvd #442, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey A.","family":"Ivashchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChemDiv Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3336-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii O.","family":"Shkil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASAVI LLC, 1835 East Hallandale Blvd #442, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilya A.","family":"Ivashchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChemDiv Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1119811","article-title":"Healthcare-associated atypical pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Forgie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. 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