{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T23:15:49Z","timestamp":1792365349366,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the involvement of exocrine glands such as the salivary and lacrimal glands. The minor salivary glands, from which tissue samples may be obtained, are important for the diagnosis, evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, and genetic analyses of SS. In the onset of SS, autoantigens derived from the salivary glands are recognized by antigen-presenting dendritic cells, leading to the activation of T and B cells, cytokine production, autoantibody production by plasma cells, the formation of ectopic germinal centers, and the destruction of salivary gland epithelial cells. A recent therapeutic approach with immune checkpoint inhibitors for malignant tumors enhances the anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic effector T cells, but also induces SS-like autoimmune disease as an adverse event. In the treatment of xerostomia, muscarinic agonists and salivary gland duct cleansing procedure, as well as sialendoscopy, are expected to ameliorate symptoms. Clinical trials on biological therapy to attenuate the hyperresponsiveness of B cells in SS patients with systemic organ involvement have progressed. The efficacy of treatment with mesenchymal stem cells and chimeric antigen receptor T cells for SS has also been investigated. In this review, we will provide an overview of the pathogenesis of salivary gland lesions and recent trends in therapeutic approaches for SS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T01:41:36Z","timestamp":1688694096000},"page":"11179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Outline of Salivary Gland Pathogenesis of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome and Current Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Yura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.278448","article-title":"Autoantibodies present before symptom onset in primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome","volume":"310","author":"Jonsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.07.003","article-title":"The role of ectopic germinal centers in the immunopathology of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Risselada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. 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