{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:26:14Z","timestamp":1791552374076,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding","award":["2021C02064-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02064-6"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding","award":["10417000121CF0401G\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10417000121CF0401G\/004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008749","name":"Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021C02064-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02064-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008749","name":"Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10417000121CF0401G\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10417000121CF0401G\/004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>WUSCHEL (WUS) is a crucial transcription factor in regulating plant stem cell development, and its expression can also improve genetic transformation. However, the ectopic expression of WUS always causes pleiotropic effects during genetic transformation, making it important to understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying these phenomena. In our study, we found that the transient expression of the maize WUS ortholog ZmWus2 caused severe leaf necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. We performed transcriptomic and non-target metabolomic analyses on tobacco leaves during healthy to wilted states after ZmWus2 transient overexpression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ZmWus2 transformation caused active metabolism of inositol trisphosphate and glycerol-3-phosphate, while also upregulating plant hormone signaling and downregulating photosystem and protein folding pathways. Metabolomic analysis mainly identified changes in the synthesis of phenylpropanoid compounds and various lipid classes, including steroid synthesis. In addition, transcription factors such as ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs), the basic helix\u2013loop\u2013helix (bHLH) factors, and MYBs were found to be regulated by ZmWus2. By integrating these findings, we developed a WUS regulatory model that includes plant hormone accumulation, stress responses, lipid remodeling, and leaf necrosis. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying WUS ectopic expression causing leaf necrosis and may inform the development of future genetic transformation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T01:41:36Z","timestamp":1688694096000},"page":"11190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Investigation on Leaf Necrosis Induced by ZmWus2 Transient Overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xianwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9520-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongjing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3423-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiandong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqiu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Maize and Featured Upland Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongyang 322100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xijiao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanchang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengchun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"},{"name":"Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Cheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.291204","article-title":"WUSCHEL induces shoot stem cell activity and developmental plasticity in the root meristem","volume":"18","author":"Gallois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-020-02511-5","article-title":"WUSCHEL: A master regulator in 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