{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T13:57:48Z","timestamp":1789221468486,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2001222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2001222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUT2022TB10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT2022TB10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUT22LAB610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT22LAB610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Team Project of Dalian University of Technology","award":["U2001222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2001222"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Team Project of Dalian University of Technology","award":["DUT2022TB10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT2022TB10"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Team Project of Dalian University of Technology","award":["DUT22LAB610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT22LAB610"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["U2001222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2001222"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["DUT2022TB10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT2022TB10"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["DUT22LAB610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT22LAB610"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals of Dalian University of Technology","award":["U2001222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2001222"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals of Dalian University of Technology","award":["DUT2022TB10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT2022TB10"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals of Dalian University of Technology","award":["DUT22LAB610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT22LAB610"]}]},{"name":"FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS","award":["U2001222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2001222"]}]},{"name":"FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS","award":["DUT2022TB10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT2022TB10"]}]},{"name":"FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS","award":["DUT22LAB610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT22LAB610"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We prepared a rhodamine-TEMPO chromophore-radical dyad (RB-TEMPO) to study the radical enhanced intersystem crossing (REISC). The visible light-harvesting chromophore rhodamine is connected with the TEMPO (a nitroxide radical) via a C\u2013N bond. The UV-vis absorption spectrum indicates negligible electron interaction between the two units at the ground state. Interestingly, the fluorescence of the rhodamine moiety is strongly quenched in RB-TEMPO, and the fluorescence lifetime of the rhodamine moiety is shortened to 0.29 ns, from the lifetime of 3.17 ns. We attribute this quenching effect to the intramolecular electron spin\u2013spin interaction between the nitroxide radical and the photoexcited rhodamine chromophore. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra confirm the REISC in RB-TEMPO, indicated by the detection of the rhodamine chromophore triplet excited state; the lifetime was determined as 128 ns, which is shorter than the native rhodamine triplet state lifetime (0.58 \u03bcs). The zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters of the triplet state of the chromophore were determined with the pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra. RB-TEMPO was used as a photoinitiator for the photopolymerization of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). These studies are useful for the design of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers, the study of the ISC, and the electron spin dynamics of the radical-chromophore systems upon photoexcitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:35:21Z","timestamp":1688949321000},"page":"11220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Preparation of Xanthene-TEMPO Dyads: Synthesis and Study of the Radical Enhanced Intersystem Crossing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1813-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanran","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey A.","family":"Sukhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3681-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5405-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianzhang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta K.","family":"Voronkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra21404k","article-title":"Boron Dipyrromethene (Bodipy)-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Awuah","year":"2012","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5323","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35531d","article-title":"Triplet Photosensitizers: From Molecular Design to Applications","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13454","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00381","article-title":"Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"121","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6607","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC00732G","article-title":"Design of Bodipy Dyes as Triplet Photosensitizers: Electronic Properties Tailored for Solar Energy Conversion, Photoredox Catalysis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Bassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8904","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00364D","article-title":"The Triplet Excited State of Bodipy: Formation, Modulation and Application","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9686","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00162K","article-title":"Controlling the Triplet States and Their Application in External Stimuli-Responsive Triplet\u2013Triplet-Annihilation Photon Upconversion: From the Perspective of Excited State Photochemistry","volume":"50","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35216H","article-title":"Bodipy Dyes in Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"42","author":"Kamkaew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00606","article-title":"Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers: From Molecular Design to Applications in the Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer","volume":"54","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7687","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35203f","article-title":"Photoredox Functionalization of C\u2013H Bonds Adjacent to a Nitrogen Atom","volume":"41","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1039\/C8OB00725J","article-title":"Photoorganocatalysis, Small Organic Molecules and Light in the Service of Organic Synthesis: The Awakening of a Sleeping Giant","volume":"16","author":"Sideri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.202001446","article-title":"State of the Art of Bodipy-Based Photocatalysts in Organic Synthesis","volume":"2021","author":"Peault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201102598","article-title":"Platinum(II)-Bis(Aryleneethynylene) Complexes for Solution-Processible Molecular Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells","volume":"18","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2012.05.009","article-title":"Iridium Complexes Incorporating Coumarin Moiety as Catalyst Photoinitiators: Towards Household Green Led Bulb and Halogen Lamp Irradiation","volume":"53","author":"Tehfe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ra00469g","article-title":"Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Based Upconversion: From Triplet Sensitizers and Triplet Acceptors to Upconversion Quantum Yields","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"RSC. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20817","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm33654e","article-title":"Low-Power Photon Upconversion through Triplet\u2013Triplet Annihilation in Polymers","volume":"22","author":"Simon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4322","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp23900k","article-title":"Low Power, Non-Coherent Sensitized Photon up-Conversion: Modelling and Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Monguzzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10818","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP07296D","article-title":"Photon Upconversion: From Two-Photon Absorption (TPA) to Triplet\u2013Triplet Annihilation (TTA)","volume":"18","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.7b00235","article-title":"New Triplet Sensitization Routes for Photon Upconversion: Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules, Inorganic Nanocrystals, and Singlet-to-Triplet Absorption","volume":"50","author":"Yanai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC03551G","article-title":"Recent Advances in Materials for and Applications of Triplet\u2013Triplet Annihilation-Based Upconversion","volume":"10","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Turro, N.J., Ramamurthy, V., and Scaiano, J.C. (2009). Principles of Molecular Photochemistry: An Introduction, University Science Books."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1039\/b608951h","article-title":"Contemporary Progresses on Neutral, Highly Emissive Os(II) and Ru(II) Complexes","volume":"36","author":"Chi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/128_2007_133","article-title":"Photochemistry and Photophysics of Coordination Compounds: Ruthenium","volume":"280","author":"Campagna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top. Curr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/128_2007_134","article-title":"Photochemistry and Photophysics of Coordination Compounds: Platinum","volume":"281","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top. Curr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1039\/B917757D","article-title":"Application of d6 Transition Metal Complexes in Fluorescence Cell Imaging","volume":"46","author":"Coogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2019.213048","article-title":"Platinum Emitters with Dye-Based \u03c3-Aryl Ligands","volume":"400","author":"Herberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9996","DOI":"10.1021\/jp503708d","article-title":"Ultrafast Triplet Formation in Thionated Perylene Diimides","volume":"118","author":"Tilley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2017.06.050","article-title":"Intersystem Crossing and Triplet Excited State Properties of Thionated Naphthalenediimide Derivatives","volume":"192","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10162","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b01584","article-title":"Efficient Intersystem Crossing in Heavy-Atom-Free Perylenebisimide Derivatives","volume":"120","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201600300","article-title":"Accessing the Triplet State in Heavy-Atom-Free Perylene Diimides","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. \u2013A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6280","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.1c03189","article-title":"Does Twisted \u03c0-Conjugation Framework Always Induce Efficient Intersystem Crossing? A Case Study with Benzo[b]- and [a]Phenanthrene-Fused BODIPY Derivatives and Identification of a Dark State","volume":"125","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC00854A","article-title":"Origin of Intersystem Crossing in Highly Distorted Organic Molecules: A Case Study with Red Light-Absorbing N,N,O,O-Boron-Chelated Bodipys","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12048","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC04285G","article-title":"Charge Separation, Charge Recombination, Long-Lived Charge Transfer State Formation and Intersystem Crossing in Organic Electron Donor\/Acceptor Dyads","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1039\/C9OB02170A","article-title":"Heavy-Atom-Free Bodipy Photosensitizers with Intersystem Crossing Mediated by Intramolecular Photoinduced Electron Transfer","volume":"18","author":"Filatov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1039\/c9pp00399a","article-title":"Making Triplets from Photo-Generated Charges: Observations, Mechanisms and Theory","volume":"19","author":"Gibbons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1021\/ol3008843","article-title":"Styryl Bodipy-C60 Dyads as Efficient Heavy-Atom-Free Organic Triplet Photosensitizers","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1021\/jo300613g","article-title":"Light-Harvesting Fullerene Dyads as Organic Triplet Photosensitizers for Triplet\u2013Triplet Annihilation Upconversions","volume":"77","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22049","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP03840B","article-title":"Triplet\u2013Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Kinetics of C60\u2013Bodipy Dyads as Organic Triplet Photosensitizers","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8845","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.2c02388","article-title":"Outsourcing Intersystem Crossing without Heavy Atoms: Energy Transfer Dynamics in Pyridonebodipy\u2013C60 Complexes","volume":"13","author":"Swedin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7831","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b02063","article-title":"Radical-Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in New Bodipy Derivatives and Application for Efficient Triplet\u2013Triplet Annihilation Upconversion","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18663","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201804212","article-title":"Efficient Radical-Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in an Ndi-Tempo Dyad: Photophysics, Electron Spin Polarization, and Application in Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2006.06.001","article-title":"Electron Spin Dynamics in a Pair Interaction between Radical and Electronically-Excited Molecule as Studied by a Time-Resolved Esr Method","volume":"7","author":"Kawai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1021\/jp909212c","article-title":"Competitive Electron Transfer and Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in Photoexcited Covalent Tempo\u2212Perylene-3,4:9,10-Bis(Dicarboximide) Dyads: Unusual Spin Polarization Resulting from the Radical\u2212Triplet Interaction","volume":"114","author":"Colvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9198","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC04582H","article-title":"A near-Infrared Heptamethine Aminocyanine Dye with a Long-Lived Excited Triplet State for Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"54","author":"Jiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154201","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0025972","article-title":"Enhanced Intersystem Crossing of Boron Dipyrromethene by Tempo Radical","volume":"153","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202000861","article-title":"Radical-Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in a Bay-Substituted Perylene Bisimide\u2212Tempo Dyad and the Electron Spin Polarization Dynamics upon Photoexcitation","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13560","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.5b02378","article-title":"Photogenerated Quartet State Formation in a Compact Ring-Fused Perylene-Nitroxide","volume":"119","author":"Dyar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"465","article-title":"Hydrazyl, Nitronyl-, and Imino-Nitroxides: Synthesis, Properties and Reaction with Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide","volume":"1","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110463","article-title":"Fluorescence Imaging of Nitric Oxide in Living Cells Using O-Phenylenediamine-Rhodamine Based Polymeric Nanosensors","volume":"108","author":"Latha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-013-1329-0","article-title":"Fluorescence and HPLC Detection of Hydroxyl Radical by a Rhodamine-Nitroxide Probe and its Application in Cell Imaging","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63655","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA06129F","article-title":"The Antioxidant Mechanism of Nitroxide Tempo: Scavenging with Glutathionyl Radicals","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1021\/jo502554y","article-title":"Switching of the Triplet Excited State of Rhodamine\/Naphthaleneimide Dyads: An Experimental and Theoretical Study","volume":"80","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1021\/ja808924f","article-title":"Ultrafast Intersystem Crossing and Spin Dynamics of Photoexcited Perylene-3,4:9,10-Bis(Dicarboximide) Covalently Linked to a Nitroxide Radical at Fixed Distances","volume":"131","author":"Giacobbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TC32456G","article-title":"Resonance Energy Transfer-Enhanced Rhodamine\u2013Styryl Bodipy Dyad Triplet Photosensitizers","volume":"2","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10261","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP00730J","article-title":"The Effect of Methylation on the Intrinsic Photophysical Properties of Simple Rhodamines","volume":"21","author":"Kung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-6030(96)04591-1","article-title":"Excited State and Free Radical Properties of Rhodamine Dyes in Aqueous Solution: A Laser Flash Photolysis and Pulse Radiolysis Study","volume":"107","author":"Beaumont","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0104(93)80190-K","article-title":"Triplet-Triplet Absorption of Eosin Y in Methanol Determined by Nanosecond Excimer Laser Excitation and Picosecond Light Continuum Probing","volume":"177","author":"Penzkofer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01152.x","article-title":"Eosin Y Triplet State as a Probe of Spatial Heterogeneity in Microcrystalline Cellulose","volume":"88","author":"Duarte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2017.01.005","article-title":"Delocalisation of Photoexcited Triplet States Probed by Transient Epr and Hyperfine Spectroscopy","volume":"280","author":"Richert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1021\/ja001920k","article-title":"\u03c0-Topology and Spin Alignment Utilizing the Excited Molecular Field:\u2009 Observation of the Excited High-Spin Quartet (S = 3\/2) and Quintet (S = 2) States on Purely Organic \u03a0-Conjugated Spin Systems","volume":"123","author":"Teki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.77.95","article-title":"Excited High-Spin Quartet (S = 3\/2) State of a Novel \u03a0-Conjugated Organic Spin System, Pyrene\u2013Verdazyl Radical","volume":"77","author":"Teki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202002805","article-title":"Excitation Energy Transfer and Exchange-Mediated Quartet State Formation in Porphyrin-Trityl Systems","volume":"27","author":"Nolden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montalti, M., Credi, A., Prodi, L., and Gandolfi, M.T. (2006). Handbook of Photochemistry, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420015195"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1063\/1.431438","article-title":"Laser Pumped Magnetophotoselection in Triplet Dyes","volume":"63","author":"Yamashita","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2013.827255","article-title":"Pulsed Epr Study on Large Dynamic Electron Polarisation Created in the Quenching of Photo-Excited Xanthene Dyes by Nitroxide Radicals in Aqueous Solutions","volume":"112","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Photopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Using a Combination of Rhodamine 6g and Benzoyl Peroxide as Photoinitiator in Nonaqueous Media","volume":"24","author":"Ghosh","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06GL07","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.49.06GL07","article-title":"Fluorescent Uv-Curable Resists for Uv Nanoimprint Lithography","volume":"49","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2022.111476","article-title":"Recyclable Magnetic Fe3o4 Supported Photocatalyst for the Metal-Free Atrp","volume":"177","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201500446","article-title":"Phenacyl Ethyl Carbazolium as a Long Wavelength Photoinitiator for Free Radical Polymerization","volume":"36","author":"Kara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2005.08.013","article-title":"Easyspin, a Comprehensive Software Package for Spectral Simulation and Analysis in Epr","volume":"178","author":"Stoll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Mennucci, B., and Petersson, G.A. (2009). Gaussian 09W, Revision A.01, Gaussian, Inc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111787","article-title":"The detection sensitivity of commonly used singlet oxygen probes in aqueous environments","volume":"204","author":"Entradas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/13\/11220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:08:14Z","timestamp":1760126894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/13\/11220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241311220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241311220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}}}