{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:36:05Z","timestamp":1785335765468,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helios University Hospital Wuppertal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease commonly seen in preterm infants, and is triggered by infection, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen toxicity. Among other problems, lifelong limitations in lung function and impaired psychomotor development may result. Despite major advances in understanding the disease pathologies, successful interventions are still limited to only a few drug therapies with a restricted therapeutic benefit, and which sometimes have significant side effects. As a more promising therapeutic option, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been in focus for several years due to their anti-inflammatory effects and their secretion of growth and development promoting factors. Preclinical studies provide evidence in that MSCs have the potential to contribute to the repair of lung injuries. This review provides an overview of MSCs, and other stem\/progenitor cells present in the lung, their identifying characteristics, and their differentiation potential, including cytokine\/growth factor involvement. Furthermore, animal studies and clinical trials using stem cells or their secretome are reviewed. To bring MSC-based therapeutic options further to clinical use, standardized protocols are needed, and upcoming side effects must be critically evaluated. To fill these gaps of knowledge, the MSCs\u2019 behavior and the effects of their secretome have to be examined in more (pre-) clinical studies, from which only few have been designed to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:35:21Z","timestamp":1688949321000},"page":"11229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Stem\/Progenitor Cells and Related Therapy in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Manuela","family":"Marega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0682-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"El-Merhie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira Y.","family":"G\u00f6kyildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Orth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saverio","family":"Bellusci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cho-Ming","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Causes of Child Mortality in 2000\u201313, with Projections to Inform Post-2015 Priorities: An Updated Systematic Analysis","volume":"385","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Causes of Child Mortality: An Updated Systematic Analysis for 2010 with Time Trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botet, F., Figueras-Aloy, J., Miracle-Echegoyen, X., Rodriguez-Miguelez, J.M., Salvia-Roiges, M.D., and Carbonell-Estrany, X. 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