{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:31:49Z","timestamp":1785879109551,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["HV22C0233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV22C0233"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HV22C0233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV22C0233"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Facial nerve palsy directly impacts the quality of life, with patients with facial nerve palsy showing increased rates of depression and limitations in social activities. Although facial nerve palsy is not life-threatening, it can devastate the emotional and social lives of affected individuals. Hence, improving the prognosis of patients with this condition is of vital importance. The prognosis of patients with facial nerve palsy is determined by the cause of the disease, the degree of damage, and the treatment provided. The facial nerve can be easily damaged by middle ear and temporal bone surgery, trauma or infection, and tumors of the peripheral facial nerve or tumors surrounding the nerve secondary to systemic disease. In addition, idiopathic, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and autoimmune diseases may damage the facial nerve. The treatment used for facial paralysis depends on the cause. Treatment of facial nerve amputation injury varies depending on the degree of facial nerve damage, comorbidities, and duration of injury. Recently, interest has increased in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) related to innate immune responses, as these receptors are known to be related to nerve regeneration. In addition to innate immune cells, both neurons and glia of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) express TLRs. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to assess the expression and role of TLRs in peripheral nerve injury and subsequent regeneration. Studies conducted on rats and mice have demonstrated the expression of TLR1\u201313. Among these, TLR2\u20135 and TLR7 have received the most research attention in relation to facial nerve degeneration and regeneration. TLR10, TLR11, and TLR13 increase during compression injury of the facial nerve, whereas during cutting injury, TLR1\u20135, TLR8, and TLR10\u201313 increase, indicating that these TLRs are involved in the degeneration and regeneration of the facial nerve following each type of injury. Inadequate TLR expression or absence of TLR responses can hinder regeneration after facial nerve damage. Animal studies suggest that TLRs play an important role in facial nerve degeneration and regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:35:21Z","timestamp":1688949321000},"page":"11245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Expression and Role of Toll-like Receptors in Facial Nerve Regeneration after Facial Nerve Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7546-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Geun","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Young","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyang","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung Chul","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwa Sung","family":"Rim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Kyu","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5045-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Choon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 442723, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.4312","article-title":"Evaluation of Factors Associated with Favorable Outcomes in Adults with Bell Palsy","volume":"146","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. 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