{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T15:02:57Z","timestamp":1779030177451,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]],"date-time":"2023-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver injury can be acute or chronic, resulting from a variety of factors, including viral hepatitis, drug overdose, idiosyncratic drug reaction, or toxins, while the progression of pathogenesis in the liver rises due to the involvement of numerous cytokines and growth factor mediators. Thus, the identification of more effective biomarker-based active phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants is a promising strategy to protect against CCl4-induced liver injury. Vitis vinifera L. (VE) and Centella asiatica (CE) are well-known medicinal plants that possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, synergism between the two has not previously been studied. Here, we investigated the synergistic effects of a V. vinifera L. (VE) leaf, C. asiatica (CE) extract combination (VCEC) against CCl4-induced liver injury. Acute liver injury was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 (1 mL\/kg). VCEC was administered orally for three consecutive days at various concentrations (100 and 200 mg\/kg) prior to CCl4 injection. The extent of liver injury and the protective effects of VCEC were evaluated by biochemical analysis and histopathological studies. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and Western blotting. VCEC treatment significantly reduced serum transaminase levels (AST and ALT), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). CCl4- induced apoptosis was inhibited by VCEC treatment by reducing cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax). VCEC-treated mice significantly restored cytochrome P450 2E1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in CCl4-treated mice. In addition, VCEC downregulated overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines and hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) and inhibited CCl4-mediated apoptosis. Collectively, VCEC exhibited synergistic protective effects against liver injury through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic ability against oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therefore, VCEC appears promising as a potential therapeutic agent for CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:35:21Z","timestamp":1688949321000},"page":"11255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Vitis vinifera L. and Centella asiatica against CCl4-Induced Liver Injury in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Suvesh","family":"Munakarmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yamuna","family":"Gurau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juna","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alka Hospital Private Limited, Jwalakhel, Kathmandu 446010, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prabodh","family":"Risal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4879-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho Sung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geum-Hwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Research Institute, Jeonbuk National Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6635-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon Jun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Physiology of the liver","volume":"4","author":"Ozougwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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