{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:14:26Z","timestamp":1788545666964,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are significant causes of ocular morbidity, and are often associated with chronic inflammation, redness, irritation, discomfort, and pain. In severe OSDs, loss of vision can result from ocular surface failure, characterised by limbal stem cell deficiencies, corneal vascularisation, corneal opacification, and surface keratinisation. External and internal exposomes are measures of environmental factors that individuals are exposed to, and have been increasingly studied for their impact on ocular surface diseases. External exposomes consist of external environmental factors such as dust, pollution, and stress; internal exposomes consist of the surface microbiome, gut microflora, and oxidative stress. Concerning internal exposomes, alterations in the commensal ocular surface microbiome of patients with OSDs are increasingly reported due to advancements in metagenomics using next-generation sequencing. Changes in the microbiome may be a consequence of the underlying disease processes or may have a role in the pathogenesis of OSDs. Understanding the changes in the ocular surface microbiome and the impact of various other exposomes may also help to establish the causative factors underlying ocular surface inflammation and scarring, the hallmarks of OSDs. This review provides a summary of the current evidence on exposomes in various OSDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:40:02Z","timestamp":1689039602000},"page":"11273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impact of Exposomes on Ocular Surface Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Merrelynn","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3986-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Ocular Surface Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodhbir S.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5475-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hon Shing","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4390","article-title":"The ocular surface: The challenge to enable and protect vision: The Friedenwald lecture","volume":"48","author":"Gipson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. 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