{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:04Z","timestamp":1760149264136,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K08615","18K08249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K08615","18K08249"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We recently found that albuminuria levels in patients with minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) inversely correlate with glycosphingolipid GM3 expression levels in glomerular podocytes. Moreover, we showed enhanced expression of GM3 via activation of the GM3 synthase gene upon administration of valproic acid (VPA) is effective in suppressing albuminuria and podocyte injury in mice with anti-nephrin antibody-induced podocytopathy. However, the therapeutic effect of GM3 on diabetic nephropathy, which is the most common underlying disease in patients undergoing dialysis and with podocyte injury, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of enhanced GM3 expression via VPA on podocyte injury using streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy model mice. Administration of VPA clearly decreased levels of albuminuria and glomerular lesions and inhibited the loss of podocytes and expansion in the mesangial area. Furthermore, we found that albuminuria levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy inversely correlate with the expression of GM3 in podocytes. These results indicate that maintaining GM3 expression in podocytes by administration of VPA may be effective in treating not only podocyte injury, such as MCD and FSGS, but also the late stage of diabetic nephropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:43:22Z","timestamp":1689212602000},"page":"11355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Enhanced Levels of Glycosphingolipid GM3 Delay the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shokichi","family":"Naito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8560, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagako","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2013","article-title":"Sialic acids in the brain: Gangliosides and polysialic acid in nervous system development, stability, disease, and regeneration","volume":"94","author":"Schnaar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. 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