{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T23:22:34Z","timestamp":1780528954146,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Country Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZL-2020\/00937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZL-2020\/00937"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of chondral and osteochondral defects is challenging. These types of lesions are painful and progress to osteoarthritis over time. Tissue engineering offers tools to address this unmet medical need. The use of an autologous cartilage construct consisting of hyaline cartilage chips embedded in plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) has been proposed as a therapeutic alternative. The purpose of this study was to dig into the potential mechanisms behind the in vitro remodelling process that might explain the clinical success of this technique and facilitate its optimisation. Chondrocyte viability and cellular behaviour over eight weeks of in vitro culture, type II collagen synthesis, the dual delivery of growth factors by hyaline cartilage and PRGF matrix, and the ultrastructure of the construct and its remodelling were characterised. The main finding of this research is that the cartilage fragments embedded in the three-dimensional PRGF scaffold contain viable chondrocytes that are able to migrate into the fibrin network, proliferate and synthesise extracellular matrix after the second week of in vitro culture. The characterization of this three-dimensional matrix is key to unravelling the molecular kinetics responsible for its efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:47:38Z","timestamp":1689727658000},"page":"11581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Dual-Responsive Interaction of Particulated Hyaline Cartilage and Plasma Rich in Growth Factors (PRGF) in the Repair of Cartilage Defects: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8386-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Anitua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, 01007 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BTI-Biotechnology Institute IMASD, 01007 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology\u2014UIRMI (UPV\/EHU-Fundaci\u00f3n Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4767-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, 01007 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BTI-Biotechnology Institute IMASD, 01007 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology\u2014UIRMI (UPV\/EHU-Fundaci\u00f3n Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Guadilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, 01009 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, 01008 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 01006 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Alkhraisat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, 01007 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BTI-Biotechnology Institute IMASD, 01007 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology\u2014UIRMI (UPV\/EHU-Fundaci\u00f3n Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Laiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Garc\u00eda Cugat para Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Cugat, Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabino","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, 01007 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BTI-Biotechnology Institute IMASD, 01007 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology\u2014UIRMI (UPV\/EHU-Fundaci\u00f3n Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Garc\u00eda-Balletb\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Garc\u00eda Cugat para Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Cugat, Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Cugat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Garc\u00eda Cugat para Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Cugat, Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Mutualidad de Futbolistas Espa\u00f1oles, Delegaci\u00f3n Catalana, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R222","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3209","article-title":"Bone marrow lesions predict site-specific cartilage defect development and volume loss: A prospective study in older adults","volume":"12","author":"Dore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. 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