{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:34:57Z","timestamp":1792449297127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre (Poland)","award":["N N405 051140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N N405 051140"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre (Poland)","award":["SUB\/2\/DN\/19\/006\/2221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/DN\/19\/006\/2221"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre (Poland)","award":["SUB\/2\/DN\/21\/002\/2221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/DN\/21\/002\/2221"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok (Poland)","award":["N N405 051140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N N405 051140"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok (Poland)","award":["SUB\/2\/DN\/19\/006\/2221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/DN\/19\/006\/2221"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok (Poland)","award":["SUB\/2\/DN\/21\/002\/2221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/DN\/21\/002\/2221"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of cadmium (Cd) on the function and structure of the kidney and the potential protective effect of an extract from Aronia melanocarpa L. berries were investigated in a rat model of low- and moderate-level environmental exposure to this heavy metal (1 and 5 mg Cd\/kg feed for up to 24 months). The sensitive biomarkers of Cd-induced damage to the kidney tubules (N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), \u03b22-microglobulin (\u03b22-MG), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in the urine), clinically relevant early markers of glomerular damage (albumin in the urine and creatinine clearance), and other markers of the general functional status of this organ (urea, uric acid, and total protein in the serum and\/or urine) and Cd concentration in the urine, were evaluated. The morphological structure of the kidney and inflammatory markers (chemerin, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP1a), and Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax)) were also estimated. Low-level and moderate exposure to Cd led to damage to the function and structure of the kidney tubules and glomeruli. The co-administration of A. melanocarpa berry extract significantly protected against the injurious impact of this toxic element. In conclusion, even low-level, long-term exposure to Cd poses a risk of kidney damage, whereas an intake of Aronia berry products may effectively protect from this outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T21:20:14Z","timestamp":1689801614000},"page":"11647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Protective Potential of Aronia melanocarpa L. Berry Extract against Cadmium-Induced Kidney Damage: A Study in an Animal Model of Human Environmental Exposure to This Toxic Element"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4565-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazar M.","family":"Smerecza\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3023-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata M.","family":"Brz\u00f3ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Rogalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Hutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory ALAB Bioscience, St\u0119pi\u0144ska 22\/30 Street, 00-739 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26451-1","article-title":"Associations of urinary and blood cadmium concentrations with all-cause mortality in US adults with chronic kidney disease: A prospective cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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