{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:21:35Z","timestamp":1790266895817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-039-027-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-039-027-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 110-2320-B-039-023-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2320-B-039-023-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["NSTC 111-2811-B-039-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2811-B-039-034"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CMU112-ASIA-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU112-ASIA-12"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CMU111-MF-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU111-MF-38"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-039-027-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-039-027-MY3"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University","award":["MOST 110-2320-B-039-023-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2320-B-039-023-MY3"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University","award":["NSTC 111-2811-B-039-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2811-B-039-034"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University","award":["CMU112-ASIA-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU112-ASIA-12"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University","award":["CMU111-MF-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU111-MF-38"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center of China Medical University","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-039-027-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-039-027-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center of China Medical University","award":["MOST 110-2320-B-039-023-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2320-B-039-023-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center of China Medical University","award":["NSTC 111-2811-B-039-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2811-B-039-034"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center of China Medical University","award":["CMU112-ASIA-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU112-ASIA-12"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center of China Medical University","award":["CMU111-MF-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU111-MF-38"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-039-027-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-039-027-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2320-B-039-023-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2320-B-039-023-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 111-2811-B-039-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2811-B-039-034"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["CMU112-ASIA-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU112-ASIA-12"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["CMU111-MF-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU111-MF-38"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can impair salivary gland (SG) function, which causes xerostomia and exacerbate other side effects of chemotherapy and oral infection, reducing patients\u2019 quality of life. This animal study aimed to assess the efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) as a means of preventing xerostomia induced by 5\u2212fluorouracil (5\u2212FU). A xerostomia mouse model was induced via four tail vein injections of 5\u2212FU (80 mg\/kg\/dose). EA was performed at LI4 and LI11 for 7 days. The pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate (SFR) and salivary glands weight (SGW) were recorded. Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and lysozyme were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SG was collected for hematoxylin and eosin staining to measure acini number and acinar cell size. Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1\u00a0(TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) mRNA expressions in SG were quantified via RT-qPCR. 5\u2212FU caused significant decreases in SFR, SGW, SIgA, lysozyme, AQP5 expression, and acini number, while TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 expressions and acinar cell size were significantly increased. EA treatment can prevent 5\u2212FU damage to the salivary gland, while pilocarpine treatment can only elevate SFR and AQP5 expression. These findings provide significant evidence to support the use of EA as an alternative treatment for chemotherapy-induced salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T21:20:14Z","timestamp":1689801614000},"page":"11654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Protective Effect of Electroacupuncture on Chemotherapy-Induced Salivary Gland Hypofunction in a Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7280-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh-Hien Vu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Chou","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Diagnosis and Family Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0893-4185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin-Hwa","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0385-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Ji","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tran Van","family":"Bao Quach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2888-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Min","family":"Hsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8946-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzong-Ming","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.2014.44","article-title":"Managing xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction: Executive summary of a report from the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs","volume":"145","author":"Plemons","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-0827-8","article-title":"A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: Prevalence, severity and impact on quality of life","volume":"18","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.02.009","article-title":"Chemotherapy-Associated Oral Sequelae in Patients with Cancers Outside the Head and Neck Region","volume":"48","author":"Wilberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain. Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.06.003","article-title":"Hyposalivation due to chemotherapy exacerbates oral ulcerative mucositis and delays its healing","volume":"105","author":"Hitomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2020.02.77","article-title":"Impact of oral mucositis on quality of life in patients undergoing oncological treatment: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Gopinath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Witt, R.L. (2021). Surgery of the Salivary Glands, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.12013","article-title":"Anatomy and Histology of Rodent and Human Major Salivary Glands\u2014Overview of the Japan Salivary Gland Society-Sponsored Workshop\u2014","volume":"45","author":"Amano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23569","article-title":"Overview of Human Salivary Glands: Highlights of Morphology and Developing Processes","volume":"300","author":"Teshima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruyn, G.A.W. (2022). Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome and the Salivary Glands: Novel Techniques in Diagnosis, Management and Treatment, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90977-2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8251","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20188251","article-title":"Amifostine reduces inflammation and protects against 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis and hyposalivation","volume":"52","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21873","article-title":"The protective efficacy of basic fibroblast growth factor in radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction in mice","volume":"121","author":"Kojima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00327","article-title":"Gliclazide Prevents 5-FU-Induced Oral Mucositis by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and P-Selectin Adhesion Molecules","volume":"10","author":"Mafra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-0837-6","article-title":"A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: Management strategies and economic impact","volume":"18","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4767","article-title":"Photobiomodulation Therapy for Cancer Treatment-Related Salivary Gland Dysfunction: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"Heiskanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1916910","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.16910","article-title":"Effect of True and Sham Acupuncture on Radiation-Induced Xerostomia among Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"2","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assy, Z., and Brand, H.S. (2018). A systematic review of the effects of acupuncture on xerostomia and hyposalivation. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2124-x"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, G., Hou, B.L., Holodny, A.I., and Cassileth, B.R. (2008). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) changes and saliva production associated with acupuncture at LI-2 acupuncture point: A randomized controlled study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-8-37"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"51","article-title":"Automatized Multi-Electrode Voltage Map Measurement of Active Points on Skin","volume":"13","author":"Kukucka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Commun. Sci. Lett. Univ. Zilina"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24784","article-title":"Research status and prospects of acupuncture for prevention and treatment of chemo- and radiotherapy-induced salivary gland dysfunction in head and neck cancer","volume":"304","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anatom. Rec."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04001-4","article-title":"A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal-adrenal axis","volume":"598","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.08.024","article-title":"5-Fluorouracil induces inflammation and oxidative stress in the major salivary glands affecting salivary flow and saliva composition","volume":"145","author":"Bomfin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"31","article-title":"Salivary immunoglobulin determinations: Their diagnostic value in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Mach","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02212.x","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced elevation and secretion of interleukin-1beta in the submandibular gland of male mice","volume":"116","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20071","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.29.20071","article-title":"Defective Secretion of Saliva in Transgenic Mice Lacking Aquaporin-5 Water Channels","volume":"274","author":"Ma","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23413","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008760200","article-title":"Salivary Acinar Cells from Aquaporin 5-deficient Mice Have Decreased Membrane Water Permeability and Altered Cell Volume Regulation","volume":"276","author":"Krane","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2015.359","article-title":"The Effect of Induction Chemotherapy Using Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and Fluorouracil on Survival in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2007.01.015","article-title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients induces temporary salivary gland hypofunction","volume":"44","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2947-7","article-title":"Influence of an elemental diet on 5-fluorouracil-induced morphological changes in the mouse salivary gland and colon","volume":"24","author":"Kawashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2017.05.001","article-title":"Chemotherapy Induces Oral Mucositis in Mice Without Additional Noxious Stimuli","volume":"10","author":"Bertolini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534735420980825","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735420980825","article-title":"Acupuncture for Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012127","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/884\/1\/012127","article-title":"An evaluation of the effect of acupuncture on salivary pH and the Xerostomia Inventory score innasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with chemoradiation-induced xerostomia","volume":"884","author":"Mihardja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2015-010784","article-title":"Effect of 100 Hz electroacupuncture on salivary immunoglobulin A and the autonomic nervous system","volume":"33","author":"Hideaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.01.094","article-title":"Trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to treat dry mouth (xerostomia) following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. A systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Salimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12691","article-title":"Amino Acids May Have Protective Effects on Salivary Glands of 5-FU-administered Mice","volume":"36","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2022","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.13037","article-title":"Effects of repeated administration of pilocarpine and isoproterenol on aquaporin-5 expression in rat salivary glands","volume":"46","author":"Susa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2008.11.011","article-title":"Enhanced proliferation of acinar and progenitor cells by prophylactic pilocarpine treatment underlies the observed amelioration of radiation injury to parotid glands","volume":"90","author":"Burlage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00173","article-title":"Effects of Benzodiazepines on Acinar and Myoepithelial Cells","volume":"7","author":"Mattioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.12018","article-title":"Function of the membrane water channel aquaporin-5 in the salivary gland","volume":"45","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13870","article-title":"Pilocarpine improves submandibular gland dysfunction in irradiated rats by downregulating the tight junction protein claudin-4","volume":"28","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2898","article-title":"Identification of IL-18 and Th17 cells in salivary glands of patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, and amplification of IL-17-mediated secretion of inflammatory cytokines from salivary gland cells by IL-18","volume":"181","author":"Sakai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"215","article-title":"Atrophy of submandibular gland by the duct ligation and a blockade of SP receptor in rats","volume":"78","author":"Hishida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211004842","article-title":"Disease-Induced Changes in Salivary Gland Function and the Composition of Saliva","volume":"100","author":"Proctor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.10.009","article-title":"Electroacupuncture pretreatment with different waveforms prevents brain injury in rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture via inhibiting microglial activation, and attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01203-2","article-title":"Electroacupuncture Relieves Pain and Attenuates Inflammation Progression Through Inducing IL-10 Production in CFA-Induced Mice","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116962","article-title":"Electroacupuncture ameliorates cardiopulmonary bypass induced apoptosis in lung via ROS\/Nrf2\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"238","author":"Dhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.01.045","article-title":"Electroacupunctre improves motor impairment via inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the sensorimotor cortex after ischemic stroke","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7191","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S341581","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13192","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness and adverse effects of pilocarpine and cevimeline in patients with hyposalivation","volume":"25","author":"Farag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2003.10.005","article-title":"Serious adverse effects of amifostine during radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"70","author":"Rades","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.08.044","article-title":"A Phase II trial of subcutaneous amifostine and radiation therapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer","volume":"67","author":"Machtay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.26.9860","article-title":"Acupuncture for pain and dysfunction after neck dissection: Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Pfister","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.06.125","article-title":"Benefits of long-term pilocarpine due to increased muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 in salivary glands","volume":"503","author":"Minagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.11.012","article-title":"Is Pilocarpine Effective in Preventing Radiation-Induced Xerostomia? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242011000200014","article-title":"Acupuncture for the prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer","volume":"25","author":"Braga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27382","article-title":"Phase 2 results from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 0537: A phase 2\/3 study comparing acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus pilocarpine in treating early radiation-induced xerostomia","volume":"118","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e57203","article-title":"A Method for the Measurement of Salivary Gland Function in Mice","volume":"131","author":"Bagavant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/14\/11654\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:14:57Z","timestamp":1760127297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/14\/11654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241411654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241411654","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]}}}