{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:46:30Z","timestamp":1793832390101,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0190\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0190\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0048\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0048\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with immune dysregulation. We aimed to estimate the pro- and anti-inflammatory activity\/balance in ASD and ADHD patients at a little-studied adolescent age with respect to sex. We evaluated 20 ASD patients (5 girls, average age: 12.4 \u00b1 1.9 y), 20 ADHD patients (5 girls, average age: 13.4 \u00b1 1.8 y), and 20 age- and gender-matched controls (average age: 13.2 \u00b1 1.9 y). The evaluated parameters included (1) white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume, and derived ratios, as well as (2) cytokines\u2014interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and derived profiles and ratios. ASD adolescents showed higher levels of WBC, monocytes, IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, macrophages (M)1 profile, and anti-inflammatory profile than the controls, with ASD males showing higher monocytes, IL-6 and IL-10, anti-inflammatory profile, and a lower T-helper (Th)1\/Th2+T-regulatory cell ratio than control males. The ADHD adolescents showed higher levels of PDW, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, M1 profile, proinflammatory profile, and pro-\/anti-inflammatory ratio than the controls, with ADHD females showing a higher TNF-\u03b1 and pro-\/anti-inflammatory ratio than the control females and ADHD males showing higher levels of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and M1 profile than the control males. Immune dysregulation appeared to be different for both neurodevelopmental disorders in adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:52:35Z","timestamp":1689904355000},"page":"11710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder at Adolescent Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3682-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Ferencova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Visnovcova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5911-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Ondrejka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Hrtanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iveta","family":"Bujnakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society to Help People with Autism (SPOSA-Turiec), 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Kovacova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Macejova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1116-6917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Tonhajzerova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4208","article-title":"Prevalence and Treatment Patterns of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States, 2016","volume":"173","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15020","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"Faraone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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