{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:19:41Z","timestamp":1776903581255,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive hematologic disease caused by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Various animal models of HTLV-1 infection\/ATL have been established to elucidate the pathogenesis of ATL and develop appropriate treatments. For analyses employing murine models, transgenic and immunodeficient mice are used because of the low infectivity of HTLV-1 in mice. Each mouse model has different characteristics that must be considered before use for different HTLV-1 research purposes. HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ transgenic mice spontaneously develop tumors, and the roles of both Tax and HBZ in cell transformation and tumor growth have been established. Severely immunodeficient mice were able to be engrafted with ATL cell lines and have been used in preclinical studies of candidate molecules for the treatment of ATL. HTLV-1-infected humanized mice with an established human immune system are a suitable model to characterize cells in the early stages of HTLV-1 infection. This review outlines the characteristics of mouse models of HTLV-1 infection\/ATL and describes progress made in elucidating the pathogenesis of ATL and developing related therapies using these mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:47:03Z","timestamp":1690159623000},"page":"11737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mouse Models for HTLV-1 Infection and Adult T Cell Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1954-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0038-699X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazu","family":"Okuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/294268a0","article-title":"Isolation of a new type C retrovirus (HTLV) in primary uncultured cells of a patient with S\u00e9zary T-cell leukaemia","volume":"294","author":"Poiesz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Takatsuki, K., Uchiyama, T., Sagawa, K., Yodoi, J., Seno, S., Takaku, F., and Irino, S. (1976, January 5\u201311). Topics in hematology. Proceedings of the The 16th International Congress of Hematology, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V50.3.481.481","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia: Clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases","volume":"50","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1977","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","article-title":"Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"2","author":"Gessain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00322","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia: A review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"3","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00389","article-title":"Clinical pathophysiology of human T-lymphotropic virus-type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"3","author":"Yamano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08051.x","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of clinical subtypes of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma. A report from the Lymphoma Study Group (1984\u20131987)","volume":"79","author":"Shimoyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-03-632489","article-title":"Treatment and survival among 1594 patients with ATL","volume":"126","author":"Katsuya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715724115","article-title":"Sporadic on\/off switching of HTLV-1 Tax expression is crucial to maintain the whole population of virus-induced leukemic cells","volume":"115","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.4.987","article-title":"Existence of escape mutant in HTLV-I tax during the development of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"97","author":"Furukawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9389","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.18.9389-9397.2002","article-title":"5\u2032-long terminal repeat-selective CpG methylation of latent human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 provirus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"76","author":"Koiwa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satou, Y., Yasunaga, J.-I., Zhao, T., Yoshida, M., Miyazato, P., Takai, K., Shimizu, K., Ohshima, K., Green, P.L., and Ohkura, N. (2011). HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces T-cell lymphoma and systemic inflammation in vivo. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001274"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507631103","article-title":"HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor gene mRNA supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells","volume":"103","author":"Satou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0436","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor suppresses apoptosis by attenuating the function of FoxO3a and altering its localization","volume":"74","author":"Yasunaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6082","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-3564","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor HBZ promotes cell proliferation and genetic instability by activating OncomiRs","volume":"74","author":"Vernin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199506293322603","article-title":"Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma with a combination of interferon alfa and zidovudine","volume":"332","author":"Gill","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199506293322604","article-title":"Brief report: Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma with zidovudine and interferon alfa","volume":"332","author":"Hermine","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-11-4193","article-title":"Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation with reduced conditioning intensity as a novel immunotherapy and antiviral therapy for adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"105","author":"Okamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.37.3472","article-title":"Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: A multicenter phase II study","volume":"30","author":"Ishida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18281","article-title":"Beneficial impact of first-line mogamulizumab-containing chemotherapy in adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma","volume":"198","author":"Shichijo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13302","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of a novel therapeutic vaccine with Tax peptide-pulsed dendritic cells for adult T cell leukaemia\/lymphoma in a pilot study","volume":"169","author":"Suehiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-019-0503-0","article-title":"STLV-1 as a model for studying HTLV-1 infection","volume":"16","author":"Kashanchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"5687S","article-title":"Subunit vaccine protects Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque) against simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I challenge","volume":"50","author":"Dezzutti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasegawa, A., Murata, M., Fujikawa, T., Katagiri, K., Nagano, Y., Masuda, T., Kuramitsu, M., Nakajima, S., Fujisawa, J.-I., and Okuma, K. (2023). Vaccination with short-term-cultured autologous PBMCs efficiently activated STLV-1-specific CTLs in naturally STLV-1-infected Japanese monkeys with impaired CTL responses. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011104"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27150","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27150","article-title":"Enhancement of anti-STLV-1\/HTLV-1 immune responses through multimodal effects of anti-CCR4 antibody","volume":"6","author":"Sugata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-270751","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral treatment against STLV-1 infection combining reverse transcriptase and HDAC inhibitors","volume":"116","author":"Afonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4860","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.10.4860-4867.2000","article-title":"Lymphoid organs as a major reservoir for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 in experimentally infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): Provirus expression, persistence, and humoral and cellular immune responses","volume":"74","author":"Kazanji","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-284141","article-title":"Requirement of the human T-cell leukemia virus p12 and p30 products for infectivity of human dendritic cells and macaques but not rabbits","volume":"116","author":"Valeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2888190","article-title":"The tat gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 induces mesenchymal tumors in transgenic mice","volume":"237","author":"Nerenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.7.3185-3189.1989","article-title":"Thymic atrophy characteristic in transgenic mice that harbor pX genes of human T-cell leukemia virus type I","volume":"63","author":"Furuta","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2888191","article-title":"A transgenic mouse model for human neurofibromatosis","volume":"237","author":"Hinrichs","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/341072a0","article-title":"Exocrinopathy resembling Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in HTLV-1 tax transgenic mice","volume":"341","author":"Green","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"4","article-title":"Induction of Inflammatory Arthropathy Resembling Rheumatoid Artbritis","volume":"253","author":"Yoshida","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-2993(11)80398-2","article-title":"Histopathological observation of joint lesions of extremities in mice transferred genome","volume":"45","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. Off. J. Ges. Fur Toxikol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780361117","article-title":"Inflammatory polyarthritis in mice transgenic for human T cell leukemia virus type I","volume":"36","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1580","article-title":"Mice transgenic for HTLV-I LTR-tax exhibit tax expression in bone, skeletal alterations, and high bone turnover","volume":"197","author":"Ruddle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1481","article-title":"A transgenic model of transactivation by the Tax protein of HTLV-I","volume":"196","author":"Bieberich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.4.1057","article-title":"Development of leukemia in mice transgenic for the tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I","volume":"92","author":"Grossman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.2.783","article-title":"Cytokine Expression and Tumorigenicity of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells From Mice Transgenic for the tax Gene of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type I","volume":"90","author":"Grossman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-04-1730","article-title":"HTLV-1 Tax transgenic mice develop spontaneous osteolytic bone metastases prevented by osteoclast inhibition","volume":"106","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(1998100)186:2<209::AID-PATH162>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Tumours derived from HTLV-I tax transgenic mice are characterized by enhanced levels of apoptosis and oncogene expression","volume":"186","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1389","article-title":"Thymus-derived leukemia-lymphoma in mice transgenic for the Tax gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type I","volume":"12","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0507-527","article-title":"The Tax protein of HTLV-1 promotes oncogenesis in not only immature T cells but also mature T cells","volume":"13","author":"Ohsugi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"534","article-title":"HTLV-I tax mediated activation of cellular genes in transgenic mice","volume":"66","author":"Shinohara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"5222","article-title":"Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta in transgenic mice carrying the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I tax gene","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1588","article-title":"Autoimmunity induction by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 in transgenic mice that develop chronic inflammatory arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis in humans","volume":"155","author":"Iwakura","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.4.1200","article-title":"The contribution of NF-kappa B activity to spontaneous proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax-induced tumors","volume":"98","author":"Portis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1299224","article-title":"Ablation of transplanted HTLV-I Tax-transformed tumors in mice by antisense inhibition of NF-kappa B","volume":"258","author":"Kitajima","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35713","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M504848200","article-title":"Lethal cutaneous disease in transgenic mice conditionally expressing type I human T cell leukemia virus Tax","volume":"280","author":"Kwon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050193092","article-title":"Studies of the immortalizing activity of HTLV type 1 Tax, using an infectious molecular clone and transgenic mice","volume":"16","author":"Ratner","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.5.2185-2193.2001","article-title":"Analysis of p53 inactivation in a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax transgenic mouse model","volume":"75","author":"Portis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0266","article-title":"Enhanced tumorigenesis in HTLV-1 tax-transgenic mice deficient in interferon-gamma","volume":"104","author":"Harding","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804812200","article-title":"Interferon-gamma targets cancer cells and osteoclasts to prevent tumor-associated bone loss and bone metastases","volume":"284","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69250","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20565","article-title":"HTLV-1 viral oncogene HBZ induces osteolytic bone disease in transgenic mice","volume":"8","author":"Esser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto-Taguchi, N., Satou, Y., Miyazato, P., Ohshima, K., Nakagawa, M., Katagiri, K., Kinashi, T., and Matsuoka, M. (2013). HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces inflammation through labile Foxp3 expression. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003630"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitagami, Y., Yasunaga, J.-I., Kinosada, H., Ohshima, K., and Matsuoka, M. (2015). Interferon-\u03b3 Promotes Inflammation and Development of T-Cell Lymphoma in HTLV-1 bZIP Factor Transgenic Mice. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005214"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasuma, K., Yasunaga, J., Takemoto, K., Sugata, K., Mitobe, Y., Takenouchi, N., Nakagawa, M., Suzuki, Y., and Matsuoka, M. (2016). HTLV-1 bZIP Factor Impairs Anti-viral Immunity by Inducing Co-inhibitory Molecule, T Cell Immunoglobulin and ITIM Domain (TIGIT). PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005372"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinosada, H., Yasunaga, J.-I., Shimura, K., Miyazato, P., Onishi, C., Iyoda, T., Inaba, K., and Matsuoka, M. (2017). HTLV-1 bZIP Factor Enhances T-Cell Proliferation by Impeding the Suppressive Signaling of Co-inhibitory Receptors. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006228"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13740","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922884117","article-title":"HTLV-1 induces T cell malignancy and inflammation by viral antisense factor-mediated modulation of the cytokine signaling","volume":"117","author":"Higuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-04-641118","article-title":"Protective effect of cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting HTLV-1 bZIP factor","volume":"126","author":"Sugata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2099-y","article-title":"Development of T cell lymphoma in HTLV-1 bZIP factor and Tax double transgenic mice","volume":"159","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-08-174425","article-title":"Identification of cancer stem cells in a Tax-transgenic (Tax-Tg) mouse model of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"114","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51027","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10210","article-title":"Impact of the SCF signaling pathway on leukemia stem cell-mediated ATL initiation and progression in an HBZ transgenic mouse model","volume":"7","author":"Kuribayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/301527a0","article-title":"A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in the mouse","volume":"301","author":"Bosma","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2438","article-title":"Nonsense mutation at Tyr-4046 in the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit of severe combined immune deficiency mice","volume":"94","author":"Araki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2971269","article-title":"The SCID-hu mouse: Murine model for the analysis of human hematolymphoid differentiation and function","volume":"241","author":"McCune","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/335256a0","article-title":"Transfer of a functional human immune system to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"335","author":"Mosier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.6.3798","article-title":"Natural killer (NK) cells are present in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid)","volume":"134","author":"Dorshkind","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.3.1016","article-title":"Evidence of functional lymphocytes in some (leaky) scid mice","volume":"167","author":"Bosma","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.1.180","article-title":"Multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunologic function in NOD\/LtSz-scid mice","volume":"154","author":"Shultz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.11.1574","article-title":"Complement lytic activity has no role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice","volume":"42","author":"Baxter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.4.974","article-title":"High levels of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell engraftment and enhanced susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in NOD\/LtSz-scid\/scid mice","volume":"172","author":"Hesselton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2001-12-0207","article-title":"NOD\/SCID\/gamma(c)(null) mouse: An excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells","volume":"100","author":"Ito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6477","article-title":"Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD\/LtSz-scid IL2R gamma null mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells","volume":"174","author":"Shultz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-008-0215-z","article-title":"Early development of human hematopoietic and acquired immune systems in new born NOD\/Scid\/Jak3null mice intrahepatic engrafted with cord blood-derived CD34 + cells","volume":"88","author":"Okada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03753.x","article-title":"Non-obese diabetic-recombination activating gene-1 (NOD-Rag1 null) interleukin (IL)-2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2r gamma null) null mice: A radioresistant model for human lymphohaematopoietic engraftment","volume":"154","author":"Pearson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1992.tb00108.x","article-title":"Successful graft of HTLV-I-transformed human T-cells (MT-2) in severe combined immunodeficiency mice treated with anti-asialo GM-1 antibody","volume":"83","author":"Ishihara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.56.601","article-title":"Engraftment of HTLV-I-transformed human T-cell line into SCID mice with NK cell function","volume":"56","author":"Ohsugi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.3.722.722","article-title":"Establishment of human T-cell leukemia virus type I T-cell lymphomas in severe combined immunodeficient mice","volume":"82","author":"Feuer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.8.2501.2501","article-title":"A model of in vivo cell proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"82","author":"Kondo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"573","article-title":"Analysis of in vivo cell proliferation of ATL using SCID mice","volume":"36","author":"Imada","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0212","article-title":"Cytokine and growth factor expression by HTLV-1 Lck-tax transgenic cells in SCID mice","volume":"26","author":"Watters","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1464","article-title":"PDLIM2-mediated termination of transcription factor NF-kappaB activation by intranuclear sequestration and degradation of the p65 subunit","volume":"8","author":"Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.04.008","article-title":"SLIM is a nuclear ubiquitin E3 ligase that negatively regulates STAT signaling","volume":"22","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra85","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2001637","article-title":"PDLIM2 inhibits T helper 17 cell development and granulomatous inflammation through degradation of STAT3","volume":"4","author":"Tanaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-185660","article-title":"PDLIM2 suppresses human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax-mediated tumorigenesis by targeting Tax into the nuclear matrix for proteasomal degradation","volume":"113","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20007","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of tax gene in adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"109","author":"Takeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-154286","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 antisense-encoded gene, Hbz, promotes T-lymphocyte proliferation","volume":"112","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5286","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.9.5286-5294.2003","article-title":"Rapid tumor formation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected cell lines in novel NOD-SCID\/gammac(null) mice: Suppression by an inhibitor against NF-kappaB","volume":"77","author":"Dewan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi095","article-title":"In vivo antitumor activity of the NF-kappaB inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin in a mouse model of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"26","author":"Ohsugi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3646","article-title":"Dual targeting of transformed and untransformed HTLV-1-infected T cells by DHMEQ, a potent and selective inhibitor of NF-kappaB, as a strategy for chemoprevention and therapy of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"106","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2005.06.001","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of the NF-kappaB inhibitor DHMEQ in the human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cell line, HUT-102","volume":"30","author":"Ohsugi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2007.07.017","article-title":"Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) therapy reduces tumor formation in mice inoculated with tax-deficient adult T-cell leukemia-derived cell lines","volume":"257","author":"Ohsugi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403400","article-title":"Proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, potently inhibits the growth of adult T-cell leukemia cells both in vivo and in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Satou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11859","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-1701","article-title":"A novel bioluminescent mouse model and effective therapy for adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"67","author":"Shu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0735","article-title":"Efficient intervention of growth and infiltration of primary adult T-cell leukemia cells by an HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir","volume":"107","author":"Dewan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101095","article-title":"Therapy-induced selective loss of leukemia-initiating activity in murine adult T cell leukemia","volume":"207","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2013.30","article-title":"Oral administration of an HSP90 inhibitor, 17-DMAG, intervenes tumor-cell infiltration into multiple organs and improves survival period for ATL model mice","volume":"3","author":"Ikebe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-43","article-title":"Combination of 9-aminoacridine with Campath-1H provides effective therapy for a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Ju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-149658","article-title":"Effective treatment of a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia using depsipeptide and its combination with unmodified daclizumab directed toward CD25","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.315","article-title":"LBH589, a deacetylase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells via activation of a novel RAIDD-caspase-2 pathway","volume":"25","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2011.07.015","article-title":"Efficacy of novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, AR42, in a mouse model of, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 adult T cell lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.11.030","article-title":"Targeting Bcl-2 family proteins in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: In vitro and in vivo effects of the novel Bcl-2 family inhibitor ABT-737","volume":"317","author":"Ishitsuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327914nc5202_9","article-title":"Fucoidan extracted from Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida induces apoptosis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected T-cell lines and primary adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"52","author":"Haneji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauzi, Y.R., Nakahata, S., Chilmi, S., Ichikawa, T., Nueangphuet, P., Yamaguchi, R., Nakamura, T., Shimoda, K., and Morishita, K. (2021). Antitumor effects of chloroquine\/hydroxychloroquine mediated by inhibition of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway through abrogation of autophagic p47 degradation in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256320"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15239","article-title":"Cell death induced by dorsomorphin in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma is AMPK-independent","volume":"287","author":"Aikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-020-01007-z","article-title":"Importin \u03b21 regulates cell growth and survival during adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma therapy","volume":"39","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12480","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516208112","article-title":"Selective targeting of JAK\/STAT signaling is potentiated by Bcl-xL blockade in IL-2-dependent adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Anti-adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma activity of cerdulatinib, a dual SYK\/JAK kinase inhibitor","volume":"53","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06445.x","article-title":"Bisphosphonate incadronate inhibits growth of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I-infected T-cell lines and primary adult T-cell leukaemia cells by interfering with the mevalonate pathway","volume":"136","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-7","article-title":"Anti-adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma effects of indole-3-carbinol","volume":"6","author":"Machijima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3390\/v3071041","article-title":"C7a, a biphosphinic cyclopalladated compound, efficiently controls the development of a patient-derived xenograft model of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"3","author":"Crawford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3648","article-title":"Peridinin, a carotenoid, inhibits proliferation and survival of HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines","volume":"49","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2017.4026","article-title":"Butein inhibits NF-\u03baB, AP-1 and Akt activation in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"51","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116628","article-title":"Thymoquinone enhances the anticancer activity of doxorubicin against adult T-cell leukemia in vitro and in vivo through ROS-dependent mechanisms","volume":"232","author":"Fatfat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-11-189308","article-title":"Inhibition of the SDF-1alpha-CXCR4 axis by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 suppresses the migration of cultured cells from ATL patients and murine lymphoblastoid cells from HTLV-I Tax transgenic mice","volume":"114","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(95)80046-8","article-title":"V The human immune system in hu-PBL-SCID mice","volume":"16","author":"Saxon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03933.x","article-title":"Human peripheral blood leucocyte non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene mouse model of xenogeneic graft-versus-host-like disease and the role of host major histocompatibility complex","volume":"157","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4388","article-title":"Reconstitution of a functional human immune system in immunodeficient mice through combined human fetal thymus\/liver and CD34+ cell transplantation","volume":"108","author":"Lan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1431","article-title":"Humanized mice mount specific adaptive and innate immune responses to EBV and TSST-1","volume":"12","author":"Melkus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-121319","article-title":"Antigen-specific human T-cell responses and T cell-dependent production of human antibodies in a humanized mouse model","volume":"111","author":"Tonomura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508861","article-title":"An animal model of adult T-cell leukemia: Humanized mice with HTLV-1-specific immunity","volume":"123","author":"Tezuka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esp\u00edndola, O.d.M., Siteur-van Rijnstra, E., Frankin, E., Weijer, K., van der Velden, Y.U., Berkhout, B., Blom, B., and Villaudy, J. (2021). Early Effects of HTLV-1 Infection on the Activation, Exhaustion, and Differentiation of T-Cells in Humanized NSG Mice. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102514"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128713","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.128713","article-title":"HTLV-1 viral oncogene HBZ drives bone destruction in adult T cell leukemia","volume":"4","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0185","article-title":"Global gene expression profile of human cord blood-derived CD133+ cells","volume":"24","author":"Jaatinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0114","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a stem cell population from adult human liver","volume":"24","author":"Herrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0398","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of human cord blood CD133+ and cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in response to hypoxia","volume":"25","author":"Hale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp050","article-title":"The analysis of the functions of human B and T cells in humanized NOD\/shi-scid\/gammac(null) (NOG) mice (hu-HSC NOG mice)","volume":"21","author":"Watanabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danner, R., Chaudhari, S.N., Rosenberger, J., Surls, J., Richie, T.L., Brumeanu, T.-D., and Casares, S. (2011). Expression of HLA class II molecules in humanized NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RgcKO mice is critical for development and function of human T and B cells. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019826"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxs045","article-title":"Induction of human humoral immune responses in a novel HLA-DR-expressing transgenic NOD\/Shi-scid\/\u03b3cnull mouse","volume":"24","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081720","article-title":"Priming of protective T cell responses against virus-induced tumors in mice with human immune system components","volume":"206","author":"Strowig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000475107","article-title":"Generation of functional human T-cell subsets with HLA-restricted immune responses in HLA class I expressing NOD\/SCID\/IL2r gamma(null) humanized mice","volume":"107","author":"Shultz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019682108","article-title":"Human IL-3\/GM-CSF knock-in mice support human alveolar macrophage development and human immune responses in the lung","volume":"108","author":"Willinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-301507","article-title":"Development of human CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human stem cell factor-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, and interleukin-3-expressing NOD-SCID IL2R\u03b3(null) humanized mice","volume":"117","author":"Billerbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082013","article-title":"IL-15 trans-presentation promotes human NK cell development and differentiation in vivo","volume":"206","author":"Huntington","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21783","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912274106","article-title":"Expression of human cytokines dramatically improves reconstitution of specific human-blood lineage cells in humanized mice","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401323","article-title":"Predominant development of mature and functional human NK cells in a novel human IL-2-producing transgenic NOG mouse","volume":"194","author":"Katano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.02017","article-title":"Enhanced Antibody Responses in a Novel NOG Transgenic Mouse with Restored Lymph Node Organogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10683","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01009-06","article-title":"De novo human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection of human lymphocytes in NOD-SCID, common gamma-chain knockout mice","volume":"80","author":"Miyazato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22972","article-title":"Engraftment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers in NOD\/SCID\/gammac(null) (NOG) mice","volume":"121","author":"Takajo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villaudy, J., Wencker, M., Gadot, N., Gillet, N.A., Scoazec, J.-Y., Gazzolo, L., Manz, M.G., Bangham, C.R.M., and Dodon, M.D. (2011). HTLV-1 propels thymic human T cell development in \u201chuman immune system\u201d Rag2\u2212\/\u2212 gamma c\u2212\/\u2212 mice. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002231"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9r\u00e8s, E., Blin, J., Ricci, E.P., Artesi, M., Hahaut, V., Van den Broeke, A., Corbin, A., Gazzolo, L., Ratner, L., and Jalinot, P. (2018). PDZ domain-binding motif of Tax sustains T-cell proliferation in HTLV-1-infected humanized mice. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006933"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954077","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.954077","article-title":"HTLV-1 intragenic viral enhancer influences immortalization phenotype in vitro, but is dispensable for persistence and disease development in animal models","volume":"13","author":"Maksimova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-015-0199-8","article-title":"Furin-dependent CCL17-fused recombinant toxin controls HTLV-1 infection by targeting and eliminating infected CCR4-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Hiyoshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31770-8","article-title":"Furin activates Pseudomonas exotoxin A by specific cleavage in vivo and in vitro","volume":"269","author":"Inocencio","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15890","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15890","article-title":"HTLV-1-induced leukotriene B4 secretion by T cells promotes T cell recruitment and virus propagation","volume":"8","author":"Percher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01885-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01885-17","article-title":"Control of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Infection by Eliminating Envelope Protein-Positive Cells with Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses Encoding HTLV-1 Primary Receptor","volume":"92","author":"Tezuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279542","article-title":"Regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 antisense promoter by myocyte enhancer factor-2C in the context of adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma","volume":"107","author":"Madugula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2011.09.001","article-title":"Versatility of PRMT5-induced methylation in growth control and development","volume":"36","author":"Karkhanis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101544","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1101544","article-title":"The PRMT5 inhibitor EPZ015666 is effective against HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines in vitro and in vivo","volume":"14","author":"Ernzen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/14\/11737\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:16:23Z","timestamp":1760127383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/14\/11737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241411737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241411737","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]}}}