{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T05:17:23Z","timestamp":1778044643622,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the study was to compare the expression of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) (non-transformed group) to those of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) transformed from OSMF (transformed group). The search for comparative cross-sectional studies was carried out in PubMed and Scopus abiding to the PICO criteria, where expression of IHC markers in OSMF were compared with that of OSCC transformed from OSMF. The cellular distribution, number of positive cases, staining intensity, and mean immunoreactive score (IRS) of each IHC marker were evaluated in both groups. A total of 14 studies were included in the systematic review, in which immunoexpression of 15 epithelial and 4 connective tissue biomarkers were evaluated. Expression of \u03b21-integrin, OCT-3, CD1a, CD207, survivin, Dickkopf-1, COX-2, hTERT, CTGF, MDM2, Ki-67, and \u03b1-SMA were increased during transformation of OSMF to OSCC. Conversely, expression of PTEN and lysyl oxidase decreased during transformation of OSMF to OSCC. Expression of a group of epithelial markers, such as COX2, hTERT, CTGF, survivin, MDM2, and p53, was 38 times lower in the non-transformed group cases compared to transformed group cases (95% CI: 58% to 10%; p = 0.01; and I2 = 90%). Meta-analysis of all markers involved in cell metabolism\/apoptosis, which included \u03b21-integrin along with the above markers also suggested 42 times lower expression in the non-transformed group as compared to the transformed group (95% CI: 58% to 10%; p = 0.01; and I2 = 90%). Sub-group analyses on cytoplasmic and nuclear epithelial markers were inconclusive. Meta-analysis of connective tissue markers was also inconclusive. No publication bias was found. Instead of delving into numerous markers without a strong basis for their use, it is advisable to further study the markers identified in this study to explore their clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:47:03Z","timestamp":1690159623000},"page":"11771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparison of Immunohistochemical Markers in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Submucous Fibrosis Transformed to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Diksha","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7449-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swagatika","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neeta","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saurav","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3834-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Lewkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Lapinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00582.x","article-title":"Nomenclature and Classification of Potentially Malignant Disorders of the Oral Mucosa","volume":"36","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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