{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:20:23Z","timestamp":1784046023985,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Survivin (BIRC5) is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed in various tumors but present at low to undetectable levels in normal tissue. Survivin is known to have a high expression in breast cancer (e.g., Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and triple negative breast cancer). Previous studies have not compared survivin expression levels in DCIS tumor samples to levels in adjacent, normal breast tissue from the same patient. To ensure the effective use of survivin as a target for T cell immunotherapy of breast cancer, it is essential to ascertain the varying levels of survivin expression between DCIS tumor tissue samples and the adjacent normal breast tissue taken from the same patient simultaneously. Next-generation sequencing of RNA (RNA-seq) in normal breast tissue and tumor breast tissue from five women presenting with DCIS for lumpectomy was used to identify sequence variation and expression levels of survivin. The identity of both tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples were corroborated by histopathology. Survivin was overexpressed in human breast tissue tumor samples relative to the corresponding adjacent human normal breast tissue. Wild-type survivin transcripts were the predominant species identified in all tumor tissue sequenced. This study demonstrates upregulated expression of wild type survivin in DCIS tumor tissue versus normal breast tissue taken from the same patient at the same time, and provides evidence that developing selective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunotherapy for DCIS targeting survivin warrants further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1690160250000},"page":"11827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Survivin Expression in Luminal Breast Cancer and Adjacent Normal Tissue for Immuno-Oncology Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sharon","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Reno, NV 89503, USA"},{"name":"Western Surgical Group, Reno, NV 89502, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Burkholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Pharma Inc., Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Zelinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Reno, NV 89503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Wittman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Reno, NV 89503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2330-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Carback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Pharma Inc., Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Pharma Inc., Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tikoes","family":"Blankenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Pharma Inc., Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA"},{"name":"Shasta Pathology Associates, Redding, CA 96001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0686-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Herst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Pharma Inc., Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4856-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reid","family":"Rubsamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Reno, NV 89503, USA"},{"name":"Flow Pharma Inc., Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA"},{"name":"Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.19323","article-title":"Breast Cancer Treatment: A Review","volume":"321","author":"Waks","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.0086","article-title":"Treatment-Related Complications of Systemic Therapy and Radiotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Jairam","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.01.041","article-title":"Herceptin: Mechanisms of action and resistance","volume":"232","author":"Nahta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2017.1343709","article-title":"Safety of biologics therapy: Monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, fusion proteins, hormones, enzymes, coagulation proteins, vaccines, botulinum toxins","volume":"9","author":"Mahler","year":"2017","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00561","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-L1 Checkpoint Signaling Inhibition for Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Combinations, and Clinical Outcome","volume":"8","author":"Alsaab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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