{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:30:15Z","timestamp":1791646215826,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation (South Africa)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["121739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with a plethora of comorbidities, including osteoporosis, which occurs due to an imbalance between bone resorption and formation. Numerous mechanisms have been explored to understand this association, including the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS). An upregulated RAAS has been positively correlated with T2D and estrogen deficiency in comorbidities such as osteoporosis in humans and experimental studies. Therefore, research has focused on these associations in order to find ways to improve glucose handling, osteoporosis and the downstream effects of estrogen deficiency. Upregulation of RAAS may alter the bone microenvironment by altering the bone marrow inflammatory status by shifting the osteoprotegerin (OPG)\/nuclear factor kappa-\u0392 ligand (RANKL) ratio. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme\/angiotensin II\/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ACE\/Ang II\/AT1R) has been evidenced to promote osteoclastogenesis and decrease osteoblast formation and differentiation. ACE\/Ang II\/AT1R inhibits the wingless-related integration site (Wnt)\/\u03b2-catenin pathway, which is integral in bone formation. While a lot of literature exists on the effects of RAAS and osteoporosis on T2D, the work is yet to be consolidated. Therefore, this review looks at RAAS activity in relation to osteoporosis and T2D. This review also highlights the relationship between RAAS activity, osteoporosis and estrogen deficiency in T2D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241511963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T01:27:46Z","timestamp":1690421266000},"page":"11963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Relationship between Renin\u2013Angiotensin\u2013Aldosterone System (RAAS) Activity, Osteoporosis and Estrogen Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-8303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bongeka Cassandra","family":"Mkhize","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palesa","family":"Mosili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phikelelani Sethu","family":"Ngubane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntethelelo Hopewell","family":"Sibiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Division, University of Rhodes, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2246-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andile","family":"Khathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00049.2009","article-title":"The renal renin-angiotensin system","volume":"33","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2011.07.006","article-title":"The renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system and glucose homeostasis","volume":"32","author":"Luther","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-020-01132-y","article-title":"Role of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system in bone metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2009.00562.x","article-title":"Effects of raloxifene on the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system and blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive osteoporotic postmenopausal women","volume":"10","author":"Sumino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2992-y","article-title":"Local renin-angiotensin system is associated with bone mineral density of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis patients","volume":"26","author":"Shuai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2004.06.004","article-title":"The molecular triad OPG\/RANK\/RANKL: Involvement in the orchestration of pathophysiological bone remodeling","volume":"15","author":"Theoleyre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-015-9182-0","article-title":"Relationship between aldosterone and parathyroid hormone, and the effect of angiotensin and aldosterone inhibition on bone health","volume":"13","author":"Bislev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1157-0511","article-title":"The effect of extracellular calcium metabolism on aldosterone biosynthesis in physiological and pathological status","volume":"52","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00924-1","article-title":"STAT3-mediated osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in osteoporosis","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2014.125","article-title":"The renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system and calcium-regulatory hormones","volume":"29","author":"Vaidya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-009-9046-7","article-title":"RANK, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in bone biology and disease","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115041","article-title":"The angiotensin converting enzyme 2\/angiotensin-(1-7)\/Mas Receptor axis as a key player in alveolar bone remodeling","volume":"128","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02570-x","article-title":"Angiotensin (1-7) ameliorates the structural and biochemical alterations of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats via activation of ACE-2\/Mas receptor axis","volume":"7","author":"Abuohashish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.03.008","article-title":"Estrogen and the skeleton","volume":"23","author":"Khosla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2007.12.018","article-title":"The role of estrogen receptors in the control of energy and glucose homeostasis","volume":"73","author":"Ropero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi16-0063","article-title":"Is estradiol a biomarker of type 2 diabetes risk in postmenopausal women?","volume":"66","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-00695-y","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and menopausal hormone therapy: An update","volume":"10","author":"Paschou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.271676","article-title":"Pressure natriuresis and the renal control of arterial blood pressure","volume":"592","author":"Ivy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Fountain, J.H., Kaur, J., and Lappin, S.L. (2023). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Durango, N., Fuentes, C.A., Castillo, A.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00f3mez, L.M., Vecchiola, A., Fardella, C.E., and Kalergis, A.M. (2016). Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system beyond blood pressure regulation: Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in end-organ damage during arterial hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17070797"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fountain, J.H., and Lappin, S.L. (2017). Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System, BioMed Central."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.02.006","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of osteoporosis and fractures in type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Sheu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12725","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and bone","volume":"283","author":"Compston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R498","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00182.2014","article-title":"Estrogen status and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system","volume":"307","author":"Floras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Nabi, A.N., and Ebihara, A. (2021). Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Intechopen."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C.-H., Chen, L.-R., and Chen, K.-H. (2022). Osteoporosis due to hormone imbalance: An overview of the effects of estrogen deficiency and glucocorticoid overuse on bone turnover. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031376"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-012-0323-2","article-title":"The renin angiotensin aldosterone system and insulin resistance in humans","volume":"15","author":"Underwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.07.019","article-title":"The renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"1863","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0211-6","article-title":"Skeletal muscle insulin resistance in salt-sensitive hypertension: Role of angiotensin II activation of NF \u03ba B","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Rodelo, C., Arellano-Plancarte, A., Hernandez-Aranda, J., Landa-Galvan, H.V., Parra-Mercado, G.K., Moreno-Licona, N.J., Hernandez-Gonzalez, K.D., Catt, K.J., Villalobos-Molina, R., and Olivares-Reyes, J.A. (2022). Angiotensin II Inhibits Insulin Receptor Signaling in Adipose Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116048"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R61","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0324","article-title":"The role of the p53 tumor suppressor in metabolism and diabetes","volume":"231","author":"Kung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194034","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2023.2194034","article-title":"In vitro studies of the renin-angiotensin system in human adipose tissue\/adipocytes and possible relationship to SARS-CoV-2: A scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Ting","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13690","article-title":"Diet-induced prediabetes: Effects on the activity of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system in selected organs","volume":"13","author":"Mkhize","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3925","article-title":"Human adipose tissue expresses angiotensinogen and enzymes required for its conversion to angiotensin II","volume":"83","author":"Karlsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21157","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000300R","article-title":"Immunotherapy against angiotensin II receptor ameliorated insulin resistance in a leptin receptor-dependent manner","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00077","article-title":"Ectopic fat accumulation in distinct insulin resistant phenotypes; targets for personalized nutritional interventions","volume":"5","author":"Trouwborst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01303-w","article-title":"Triglyceride is independently correlated with insulin resistance and islet beta cell function: A study in population with different glucose and lipid metabolism states","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0406-9","article-title":"Biochemical mechanism underlying hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis\/hepatomegaly induced by acute schisandrin B treatment in mice","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181da477c","article-title":"Histone deacetylases are critical regulators of the renin-angiotensin system during ureteric bud branching morphogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20427","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.664409","article-title":"Role of deacetylase activity of N-deacetylase\/N-sulfotransferase 1 in forming N-sulfated domain in heparan sulfate","volume":"290","author":"Dou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23916","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in mice induces hepatic overexpression of sulfatase 2, a novel factor that suppresses uptake of remnant lipoproteins","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.4.1116","article-title":"Loss of heparan N-sulfotransferase in diabetic liver: Role of angiotensin II","volume":"54","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-018-0040-6","article-title":"The role of the angiotensin II type I receptor blocker telmisartan in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A brief review","volume":"41","author":"Neto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00518","article-title":"Disparate effects of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on experimental kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2013.10.88","article-title":"Dyslipidemia, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud. RDS"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20824","article-title":"Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System Activation Alters Relationship Between Systolic Blood Pressure and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"80","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00803-3","article-title":"Blood pressure reduction and RAAS inhibition in diabetic kidney disease: Therapeutic potentials and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Leoncini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Tackling, G., and Borhade, M.B. (2021). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"117","article-title":"Local renin angiotensin aldosterone systems and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"101","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8917578","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8917578","article-title":"Update on RAAS modulation for the treatment of diabetic cardiovascular disease","volume":"2016","author":"Bernardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11065","article-title":"Role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in promoting cardiovascular fibrosis and stiffness","volume":"72","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0196-z","article-title":"Glucocorticoids activate the local renin\u2013angiotensin system in bone: Possible mechanism for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"47","author":"Yongtao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassi, F., Buondonno, I., Luppi, C., Spertino, E., Stratta, E., Di Stefano, M., Ravazzoli, M., Isaia, G., Trento, M., and Passera, P. (2018). Type 2 diabetes affects bone cells precursors and bone turnover. BMC Endocr. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0283-x"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tominaga, N., Yonaha, T., Yamanouchi, M., Sumi, H., Taki, Y., Shibagaki, Y., Shiizaki, K., and Yano, S. (2021). Bone responsiveness to parathyroid hormone is negatively associated with parathyroid hormone-lowering drug use in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02482-z"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Khan, M., Jose, A., and Sharma, S. (2021). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00539","article-title":"The interplay between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and parathyroid hormone","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138783","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4138783","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and parathyroid hormone secretion","volume":"2017","author":"Zaheer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"e3656","article-title":"Parathyroid gland response to vitamin D deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An observational study","volume":"10","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raposo, L., Martins, S., Ferreira, D., Guimar\u00e3es, J.T., and Santos, A.C. (2017). Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and metabolic syndrome\u2013the PORMETS study. BMC Endocr. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-017-0221-3"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002931","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-002931","article-title":"Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, glucose metabolism and incident diabetes in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keane, J.T., Elangovan, H., Stokes, R.A., and Gunton, J.E. (2018). Vitamin D and the liver\u2014Correlation or cause?. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040496"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71094","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71094","article-title":"Placental uptake and metabolism of 25 (OH) vitamin D determine its activity within the fetoplacental unit","volume":"11","author":"Ashley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.01.001","article-title":"Vitamin D in liver disease: Current evidence and potential directions","volume":"1863","author":"Elangovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2008.02044.x","article-title":"Factors associated with elevated or blunted PTH response in vitamin D insufficient adults","volume":"265","author":"Gunnarsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.83","article-title":"Vitamin D and fetal\u2013neonatal calcium homeostasis: Findings from a randomized controlled trial of high-dose antenatal vitamin D supplementation","volume":"76","author":"Harrington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic options","volume":"19","author":"Dovjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00143","article-title":"PTH modulation by aldosterone and angiotensin II is blunted in hyperaldosteronism and rescued by adrenalectomy","volume":"104","author":"Lenzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01910","article-title":"Human interventions to characterize novel relationships between the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system and parathyroid hormone","volume":"63","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11619","article-title":"1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits osteogenic differentiation through activating \u03b2-catenin signaling via downregulating bone morphogenetic protein 2","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10432","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10432","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor mediates a myriad of biological actions dependent on its 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D ligand: Distinct regulatory themes revealed by induction of Klotho and fibroblast growth Factor-23","volume":"5","author":"Haussler","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.04.032","article-title":"Role of Wnt4\/\u03b2-catenin, Ang II\/TGF\u03b2, ACE2, NF-\u03baB, and IL-18 in attenuating renal ischemia\/reperfusion-induced injury in rats treated with Vit D and pioglitazone","volume":"831","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001220","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on renin-angiotensin-system activation and blood pressure-a randomized control trial","volume":"35","author":"McMullan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras-Bol\u00edvar, V., Garc\u00eda-Fontana, B., Garc\u00eda-Fontana, C., and Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, M. (2021). Mechanisms involved in the relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance: Impact on clinical practice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103491"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Goltzman, D. (2019). Endotext [Internet], MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2013.007","article-title":"Osteoimmunology and the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoclasts","volume":"23","author":"Zupan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Medica."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.174871","article-title":"Captopril alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by mediating the ACE2\/Ang-(1-7)\/Mas receptor cascade","volume":"921","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12074206","article-title":"Reciprocal roles of angiotensin II and angiotensin II receptors blockade (ARB) in regulating Cbfa1\/RANKL via cAMP signaling pathway: Possible mechanism for hypertension-related osteoporosis and antagonistic effect of ARB on hypertension-related osteoporosis","volume":"12","author":"Guan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Kim, K., Kim, I., Seong, S., Koh, J.-T., and Kim, N. (2022). The ATF3\u2013OPG Axis Contributes to Bone Formation by Regulating the Differentiation of Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, and Adipocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073500"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1063815","article-title":"The RANK\/RANKL\/OPG system and tumor bone metastasis: Potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-M., Lin, C., Stavre, Z., Greenblatt, M.B., and Shim, J.-H. (2020). Osteoblast-osteoclast communication and bone homeostasis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092073"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0246-y","article-title":"The role of osteoblasts in energy homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Dirckx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5780","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005780","article-title":"Inflammation as a contributing factor among postmenopausal Saudi women with osteoporosis","volume":"96","author":"Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D.-H., and Yang, M.-Y. (2019). The role of macrophage in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092093"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cici, D., Corrado, A., Rotondo, C., and Cantatore, F.P. (2019). Wnt signaling and biological therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225552"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-014-0188-1","article-title":"Developments in sclerostin biology: Regulation of gene expression, mechanisms of action, and physiological functions","volume":"12","author":"Weivoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11152","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 treatment increases DKK1 protein levels in primary osteoblasts via upregulation of DKK1 mRNA levels and downregulation of miR-335-5p","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2020.100047","article-title":"Hypertension and osteoporosis: Common pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Nov. Technol. Devices"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00425","article-title":"Pathobiological interactions of local bone marrow renin-angiotensin system and central nervous system in systemic arterial hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Ciftciler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00157","article-title":"Contribution of the local RAS to hematopoietic function: A novel therapeutic target","volume":"4","author":"Rodgers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-015-9189-6","article-title":"The renin\u2013angiotensin system and bone","volume":"13","author":"Tamargo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4608165","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4608165","article-title":"AT1R-mediated apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is associated with mtROS production and mtDNA reduction","volume":"2019","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.119.117580","article-title":"Targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme-2\/angiotensin-(1-7)\/Mas receptor axis in the vascular progenitor cells for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"99","author":"Jarajapu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitaura, H., Marahleh, A., Ohori, F., Noguchi, T., Shen, W.-R., Qi, J., Nara, Y., Pramusita, A., Kinjo, R., and Mizoguchi, I. (2020). Osteocyte-related cytokines regulate osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145169"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1090","article-title":"A systematic review of the role of renin angiotensin aldosterone system genes in diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy","volume":"19","author":"Rahimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci. Off. J. Isfahan Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00964-1","article-title":"Diabetes and bone fragility","volume":"12","author":"Mendivil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02451-0","article-title":"Angiotensin II upregulates RANKL\/NFATC1 expression in synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis through the ERK1\/2 and JNK pathways","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.07.010","article-title":"Upregulation of osteoblastic differentiation marker mRNA expression in osteoblast-like UMR106 cells by puerarin and phytoestrogens from Pueraria mirifica","volume":"19","author":"Tiyasatkulkovit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-018-0035-6","article-title":"RANKL signaling in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells negatively regulates osteoblastic bone formation","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodama, J., and Kaito, T. (2020). Osteoclast multinucleation: Review of current literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165685"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, E.-B., Agidigbi, T.S., Kang, I.-S., and Kim, C. (2022). ERK Inhibition Increases RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation in RAW 264.7 Cells by Stimulating AMPK Activation and RANK Expression and Inhibiting Anti-Osteoclastogenic Factor Expression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113512"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"270","article-title":"U0126 prevents ERK pathway phosphorylation and interleukin-1beta mRNA production after cerebral ischemia","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Sci. J. Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K\u2019o Hsueh Tsa Chih"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akagi, T., Mukai, T., Mito, T., Kawahara, K., Tsuji, S., Fujita, S., Uchida, H.A., and Morita, Y. (2020). Effect of angiotensin II on bone erosion and systemic bone loss in mice with tumor necrosis factor-mediated arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114145"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, W.-T., Du, D.-H., Gao, R.-J., Yu, C.-W., Jia, Y., Jia, Z.-F., and Wang, C.-J. (2019). Regulation of hedgehog signaling offers a novel perspective for bone homeostasis disorder treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163981"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v028a19","article-title":"Role and regulation of RUNX2 in osteogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Bruderer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.313791","article-title":"Transcriptional programming in arteriosclerotic disease: A multifaceted function of the Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor 2)","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000197","DOI":"10.4172\/2168-9547.1000197","article-title":"Role of Cx43-Based Gap Junction in Murine Osteoblast-Like Mc3t3-E1Cells Exposed to 17-\u0392estradiol","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.02.016","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in cardiovascular calcification","volume":"306","author":"Passos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.07.012","article-title":"Emerging insights on drug delivery by fatty acid mediated synthesis of lipophilic prodrugs as novel nanomedicines","volume":"326","author":"Fattahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101480","article-title":"Roles and functions of antisense lncRNA in vascular aging","volume":"72","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000464461","article-title":"Angiotensin II\/angiotensin II receptor blockade affects osteoporosis via the AT1\/AT2-mediated cAMP-dependent PKA pathway","volume":"204","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.34172\/npj.2021.16","article-title":"Potential of renin-angiotensin system inhibition to improve metabolic bone disorders","volume":"10","author":"Momenzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nephropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811834106","article-title":"Prostaglandin F2\u03b1 elevates blood pressure and promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"106","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz338","article-title":"Lipoprotein receptor signalling in atherosclerosis","volume":"116","author":"Mineo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2017","article-title":"Angiotensin II signal transduction: An update on mechanisms of physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"98","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.07.011","article-title":"Wnt signaling: Essential roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone metabolism and therapeutic implications for bone and skeletal disorders","volume":"10","author":"Vlashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00439","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of obesity-induced osteoporosis and muscle atrophy","volume":"7","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, P.-P., Chen, Y.-G., Liu, Y.-P., Zhang, M.-X., Yang, J.-M., Gao, F., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, C. (2013). Association of plasma angiotensin-(1\u20137) level and left ventricular function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062788"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3348-y","article-title":"Renin inhibitor aliskiren exerts beneficial effect on trabecular bone by regulating skeletal renin-angiotensin system and kallikrein-kinin system in ovariectomized mice","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi\u0144czuk, K., Schlicker, E., and Malinowska, B. (2022). Cross-Talk between CB1, AT1, AT2 and Mas Receptors Responsible for Blood Pressure Control in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus in Conscious Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Their Normotensive Controls. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091542"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000251865.35728.2f","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) through receptor Mas mediates endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation via Akt-dependent pathways","volume":"49","author":"Sampaio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"1301","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory potential of ACE2\/angiotensin-(1-7)\/Mas receptor axis: Evidence from basic and clinical research","volume":"18","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00482","article-title":"The angiotensin-(1-7)\/mas axis counteracts angiotensin II-dependent and-independent pro-inflammatory signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"7","author":"Villalobos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588618","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.588618","article-title":"ACE2 in the era of SARS-CoV-2: Controversies and novel perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Saponaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"e29926","article-title":"The impact of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) on bone remodeling marker osteoprotegerin (OPG) in post-COVID-19 Iraqi patients","volume":"14","author":"Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00657","article-title":"Immunoporosis: Immunology of osteoporosis\u2014Role of T cells","volume":"9","author":"Srivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-00202-z","article-title":"The correlation between the Th17\/Treg cell balance and bone health","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi, A.M., Srivastava, K., Mansoori, M.N., Trivedi, R., Chattopadhyay, N., and Singh, D. (2012). Estrogen deficiency induces the differentiation of IL-17 secreting Th17 cells: A new candidate in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044552"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25785","article-title":"Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.04.031","article-title":"The ACE-2\/Ang1-7\/Mas cascade enhances bone structure and metabolism following angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blockade","volume":"807","author":"Abuohashish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"1","article-title":"ANG II, ANG-(1-7), ALDO and AVP biphasic effects on Na+\/H+ transport: The role of cellular calcium","volume":"2","author":"Malnic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Ren. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908365","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1908365","article-title":"The modulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on osteoclastogenesis","volume":"2016","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00235-8","article-title":"Insights into skeletal stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.2929","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 and BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16009","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.9","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 and BMP signaling in osteoblast, skeletal development, and bone formation, homeostasis and disease","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue, M., Nagai-Yoshioka, Y., Yamasaki, R., Kawamoto, T., Nishihara, T., and Ariyoshi, W. (2022). Mechanisms involved in suppression of osteoclast supportive activity by transforming growth factor-\u03b21 via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262612"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.05.014","article-title":"Interaction between bone and immune cells: Implications for postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Okman-Kilic, T. (2015). Advances in Osteoporosis, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1402.068","article-title":"T cells: Unexpected players in the bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency and in basal bone homeostasis","volume":"1116","author":"Weitzmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2009.99","article-title":"Prevention of osteoporosis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in spontaneous hypertensive rats","volume":"32","author":"Shimizu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-098954","article-title":"Angiotensin II accelerates osteoporosis by activating osteoclasts","volume":"22","author":"Shimizu","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00683-6","article-title":"Fresh insights into glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and new therapeutic directions","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2310","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids and exercise on pancreatic \u03b2-cell function and diabetes development","volume":"28","author":"Beaudry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2021.112595","article-title":"Glucocorticoids suppressed osteoblast differentiation by decreasing Sema3A expression via the PIK3\/Akt pathway","volume":"403","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.01.117","article-title":"Glucocorticoid suppresses the canonical Wnt signal in cultured human osteoblasts","volume":"329","author":"Ohnaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-3701-3-4","article-title":"TGF-beta1 on osteoimmunology and the bone component cells","volume":"3","author":"Kasagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaupere, C., Liboz, A., F\u00e8ve, B., Blondeau, B., and Guillemain, G. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020623"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4404","article-title":"Effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the local bone renin-angiotensin system in a murine model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.61080","article-title":"The role of the immune microenvironment in bone regeneration","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jann, J., Gascon, S., Roux, S., and Faucheux, N. (2020). Influence of the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily on osteoclasts\/osteoblasts balance in physiological and pathological bone conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207597"},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Delgado, B.J., and Lopez-Ojeda, W. (2021). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2012.28.2.71","article-title":"Functions and physiological roles of two types of estrogen receptors, ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2, identified by estrogen receptor knockout mouse","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i10.1622","article-title":"Estrogens and the regulation of glucose metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Alemany","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0638","article-title":"Estrogen improves insulin sensitivity and suppresses gluconeogenesis via the transcription factor Foxo1","volume":"68","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2021.02.004","article-title":"Sexual hormones and diabetes: The impact of estradiol in pancreatic \u03b2 cell","volume":"359","author":"Merino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm.2017.05.03","article-title":"Sex hormones and the development of type 2 diabetes in women","volume":"2","author":"Pasquali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lab. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noirrit-Esclassan, E., Valera, M.-C., Tremollieres, F., Arnal, J.-F., Lenfant, F., Fontaine, C., and Vinel, A. (2021). Critical role of estrogens on bone homeostasis in both male and female: From physiology to medical implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041568"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.04.007","article-title":"Nuclear estrogen receptor activation by insulin-like growth factor-1 in Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells requires endogenous estrogen synthesis and is mediated by mutually repressive MAPK and PI3K cascades","volume":"490","author":"Pollard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0861-5","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta1 targets estrogen receptor signaling in bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Vega, A.M., and Camacho-Arroyo, I. (2021). Crosstalk between 17\u03b2-Estradiol and TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Modulates Glioblastoma Progression. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050564"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a022202","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022202","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 family signaling in mesenchymal differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Grafe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.03.016","article-title":"Estrogen receptors alpha and beta in bone","volume":"87","author":"Khalid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06614-0","article-title":"Estrogen regulates bone turnover by targeting RANKL expression in bone lining cells","volume":"7","author":"Streicher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liedert, A., Nemitz, C., Haffner-Luntzer, M., Schick, F., Jakob, F., and Ignatius, A. (2020). Effects of estrogen receptor and Wnt signaling activation on mechanically induced bone formation in a mouse model of postmenopausal bone loss. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218301"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670960","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.670960","article-title":"LRP5 and LRP6 in Wnt signaling: Similarity and divergence","volume":"9","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzullo, P., Mele, C., Mai, S., Nardone, A., Scacchi, M., and Aimaretti, G. (2021). Obesity and bone loss at menopause: The role of sclerostin. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101914"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2283","article-title":"Serum sclerostin levels negatively correlate with parathyroid hormone levels and free estrogen index in postmenopausal women","volume":"95","author":"Mirza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.10.001","article-title":"Increase in circulating sclerostin at the early stage of menopausal transition in Japanese women","volume":"83","author":"Matsui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.501","article-title":"Physiological function of the angiotensin AT1a receptor in bone remodeling","volume":"26","author":"Kaneko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H191","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01012.2013","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of the brain renin-angiotensin system in protection against angiotensin II-induced sensitization of hypertension","volume":"307","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0015","article-title":"Estrogen regulates adrenal angiotensin AT1 receptors by modulating AT1 receptor translation","volume":"144","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp098","article-title":"Posttranscriptional regulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase","volume":"37","author":"Backlund","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0251-9","article-title":"Sex differences in metabolic effects of angiotensin-(1-7) treatment in obese mice","volume":"10","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00201","article-title":"Update on the angiotensin converting enzyme 2-angiotensin (1-7)-Mas receptor axis: Fetal programing, sex differences, and intracellular pathways","volume":"4","author":"Chappell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E55","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00158.2020","article-title":"Differential responses of bone to angiotensin II and angiotensin (1-7): Beneficial effects of ANG (1-7) on bone with exposure to high glucose","volume":"320","author":"Sha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castoldi, G., Carletti, R., Ippolito, S., Villa, I., Palmisano, B., Bolamperti, S., Rubinacci, A., Zerbini, G., Meani, M., and Zatti, G. (2022). Angiotensin II Modulates Calcium\/Phosphate Excretion in Experimental Model of Hypertension: Focus on Bone. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112928"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1434","article-title":"Liver-targeted angiotensin converting enzyme 2 therapy inhibits chronic biliary fibrosis in multiple drug-resistant gene 2-knockout mice","volume":"3","author":"Rajapaksha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab015","article-title":"The relationship between bone and reproductive hormones beyond estrogens and androgens","volume":"42","author":"Mills","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001951","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001951","article-title":"Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of endogenous progestogens and estrogens with glucose metabolism in men and women: A KORA F4\/FF4 Study","volume":"9","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312806","article-title":"Age-related changes in glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"123","author":"Chia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agostini, D., Donati Zeppa, S., Lucertini, F., Annibalini, G., Gervasi, M., Ferri Marini, C., Piccoli, G., Stocchi, V., Barbieri, E., and Sestili, P. (2018). Muscle and bone health in postmenopausal women: Role of protein and vitamin D supplementation combined with exercise training. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081103"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0486","article-title":"Mechanisms of estrogen receptor signaling: Convergence of genomic and nongenomic actions on target genes","volume":"19","author":"Bjornstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0567","article-title":"Profiling of estrogen up-and down-regulated gene expression in human breast cancer cells: Insights into gene networks and pathways underlying estrogenic control of proliferation and cell phenotype","volume":"144","author":"Frasor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198090","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1198090","article-title":"Sex Differences in The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Their Roles in Hypertension, Cardiovascular, and Kidney Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Nwia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0247-5","article-title":"Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"10","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.152975","article-title":"Postmenopausal hypertension: Role of the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"56","author":"Yanes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"Gersh, F.L., O\u2019Keefe, J.H., Lavie, C.J., and Henry, B.M. (2021). Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889923","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.889923","article-title":"The regulation of adipose tissue health by estrogens","volume":"13","author":"Steiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00165","article-title":"High cholesterol deteriorates bone health: New insights into molecular mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Mandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052429","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1052429","article-title":"Endocrinal metabolic regulation on the skeletal system in post-menopausal women","volume":"13","author":"Thapa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"38","article-title":"Possible protective role of 17\u03b2-estradiol against COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108701","article-title":"An overview of the classical and tissue-derived renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its genetic polymorphisms in essential hypertension","volume":"163","author":"Ghafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00449.x","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetes and hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Hsueh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S32745","article-title":"Osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: What do we know, and what we can do?","volume":"6","author":"Abdulameer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, J., Li, C., Dong, Z., and Wang, J. (2021). Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for low bone density: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00728-3"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S372348","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Nanchang (China): A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, D., Winocour, P., Chowdhury, T., De, P., Wahba, M., Montero, R., Fogarty, D., Frankel, A., Karalliedde, J., and Mark, P.B. (2022). Management of hypertension and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in adults with diabetic kidney disease: Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and the Renal Association UK guideline update 2021. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02587-5"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002558","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002558","article-title":"Association of renin and aldosterone with glucose metabolism in a Western European population: The KORA F4\/FF4 study","volume":"10","author":"Then","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-020-00408-8","article-title":"Insulin resistance the hinge between hypertension and type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Mancusi","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.03.005","article-title":"Blood pressure, hypertension, RAAS blockade, and drug therapy in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Yamout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-022-03355-6","article-title":"The protective effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and RAAS blockers against renal injury in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Kuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2021.101315","article-title":"Acute renal injury events in diabetic patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors: A comprehensive review with a special reference to RAAS blockers","volume":"48","author":"Scheen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-05041-3","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system and osteoporosis: Findings from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"30","author":"Carbone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.12.069","article-title":"The association between renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockers and future osteoporotic fractures in a hypertensive population\u2013A population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"305","author":"Kao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7581110","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7581110","article-title":"Angiotensin Receptor Blocker is Associated with a Lower Fracture Risk: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320314566017","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers, candesartan, on osteoprotegerin level in hypertensive patients: Link between bone and RAAS","volume":"16","author":"Oz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13975","article-title":"Importance of intensive blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes: Mechanisms, treatments and current guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Marre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.059","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and proinflammatory mediators in cardiovascular disease","volume":"98","author":"Ferrario","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, M.L.d.S., Medeiros, C.A.C.X.d., Guerra, G.C.B., Santos, R., Bader, M., Pirih, F.Q., Ara\u00fajo J\u00fanior, R.F.d., Chan, A.B., Cruz, L.J., and Brito, G.A.d.C. (2021). AT1 and AT2 receptor knockout changed osteonectin and bone density in mice in periodontal inflammation experimental model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105217"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70224-4","article-title":"The thyroid and parathyroid glands: CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings","volume":"38","author":"Weber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"3804899","article-title":"The Importance of Correlation between Aldosterone and Parathyroid Hormone in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"2022","author":"Ilincic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.03.149","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor function in bone metabolism and its role in glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia","volume":"447","author":"Fumoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204598","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1204598","article-title":"Aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor system in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"2018","author":"Cannavo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00545.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women","volume":"8","author":"Salpeter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-012-0245-z","article-title":"The link between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and renal injury in obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Thethi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E435","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00391.2014","article-title":"Modulation of glucose metabolism by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system","volume":"308","author":"Favre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/11963\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:19:21Z","timestamp":1760127561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/11963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"references-count":215,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241511963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241511963","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]}}}