{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:06:13Z","timestamp":1792789573307,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":267,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japanese Headache Society"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraine is a common condition with disabling attacks that burdens people in the prime of their working lives. Despite years of research into migraine pathophysiology and therapeutics, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms at play in this complex neurovascular condition. Additionally, there remains a relative paucity of specific and targeted therapies available. Many sufferers remain underserved by currently available broad action preventive strategies, which are also complicated by poor tolerance and adverse effects. The development of preclinical migraine models in the laboratory, and the advances in human experimental migraine provocation, have led to the identification of key molecules likely involved in the molecular circuity of migraine, and have provided novel therapeutic targets. Importantly, the identification that vasoconstriction is neither necessary nor required for headache abortion has changed the landscape of migraine treatment and has broadened the therapy targets for patients with vascular risk factors or vascular disease. These targets include nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and several neuropeptides that are involved in migraine. The ability of NO donors and infusion of some of these peptides into humans to trigger typical migraine-like attacks has supported the development of targeted therapies against these molecules. Some of these, such as those targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), have already reached clinical practice and are displaying a positive outcome in migraineurs for the better by offering targeted efficacy without significant adverse effects. Others, such as those targeting pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), are showing promise and are likely to enter phase 3 clinical trials in the near future. Understanding these nitrergic and peptidergic mechanisms in migraine and their interactions is likely to lead to further therapeutic strategies for migraine in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241511993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T01:27:46Z","timestamp":1690421266000},"page":"11993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of Migraine: Nitric Oxide Synthase and Neuropeptides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6946-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazia","family":"Karsan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Group, NIHR King\u2019s Clinical Research Facility and SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, The Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helin","family":"Gosalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Group, NIHR King\u2019s Clinical Research Facility and SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, The Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Goadsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Group, NIHR King\u2019s Clinical Research Facility and SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, The Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9PJ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0098-4","article-title":"Biological insights from the premonitory symptoms of migraine","volume":"14","author":"Karsan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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