{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:20:23Z","timestamp":1792513223536,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common eye disease complication of diabetes, and hypovitaminosis D is mentioned as one of the risk factors. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) are the best-known forms of vitamin D. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the active form of vitamin D, with the sun being one of its main sources. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin by exposure to sunlight without protective factors, but care must be taken to avoid the development of sunburn. It not only plays an important role in maintaining healthy bones and immune system but has also been highlighted in numerous studies to have an influence on various diseases, including diabetic retinopathy. A large number of people suffer from vitamin D hypovitaminosis worldwide, and diagnosis is made by measuring the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in serum. Its deficiency can cause numerous diseases and, as such, supplementation is necessary. Clinical studies have proven the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, but with a doctor\u2019s recommendation and supervision due to possible negative side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T01:51:47Z","timestamp":1690509107000},"page":"12014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Vitamin D and Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonela","family":"Gverovi\u0107 Antunica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Dubrovnik, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljubo","family":"Znaor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Ivankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, General Hospital Dubrovnik, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velibor","family":"Puzovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, General Hospital Dubrovnik, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Markovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3983-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snje\u017eana","family":"Ka\u0161telan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1092S","article-title":"Vitamin D in foods: Development of the US Department of Agriculture database","volume":"87","author":"Holden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01160308","article-title":"Vitamin D in health and disease","volume":"3","author":"Heaney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"179","article-title":"Health outcomes of vitamin D. Part I. characteristics and classic role","volume":"65","author":"Wranicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rocz. Pa\u0144stwowego Zak\u0142adu Hig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665117000349","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency as a public health issue: Using vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 in future fortification strategies","volume":"76","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077669","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1077669","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: Looking forward to 2030","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)61065-X","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications","volume":"76","author":"Bailes","year":"2002","journal-title":"AORN J."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Murray, R., Bender, D., Botham, K., Kennelly, P., Rodwell, V., and Weil, A. (2011). Harperova Ilustrirana Biokemija, Medicinska Naklada."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2014.08.013","article-title":"A survey of university students\u2019 vitamin D\u2013related knowledge","volume":"47","author":"Boland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001160","article-title":"Investigation on vitamin D knowledge, attitude and practice of university students in Nanjing, China","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public. Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01624.x","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding vitamin D deficiency among female students in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative exploration","volume":"14","author":"Christie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0383-7","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in psychogeriatric inpatients","volume":"17","author":"Lapid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.06.010","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in paediatric bone health","volume":"25","author":"Pettifor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016","article-title":"Vitamin D physiology","volume":"92","author":"Lips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.314541","article-title":"Vitamin D, Marine n-3 Fatty Acids, and Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Current Evidence","volume":"126","author":"Manson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation guidelines","volume":"175","author":"Pludowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.893504","article-title":"Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on eye disorders","volume":"57","author":"Nebbioso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12836","article-title":"Vitamin D toxicity resulting from overzealous correction of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"83","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1345","article-title":"Biological Effects of Sunlight, Ultraviolet Radiation, Visible Light, Infrared Radiation and Vitamin D for Health","volume":"36","author":"Holick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000517640","article-title":"Sun Exposure and Vitamin D","volume":"55","author":"Knuschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1104","article-title":"Vitamin D in the skin physiology and pathology","volume":"63","author":"Piotrowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310221","article-title":"Highlighting Diabetes Mellitus: The Epidemic Continues","volume":"38","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i1.92","article-title":"Ocular complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Nihat","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13480","article-title":"Update in the epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"75","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: Early diagnosis and effective treatment","volume":"107","author":"Kollias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"242","article-title":"Clinical Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy Progression; A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Ghamdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2021.101140","article-title":"Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)","volume":"67","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200404440-00007","article-title":"Proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"44","author":"Shah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01396-2","article-title":"Management of Complications and Vision Loss from Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"21","author":"Crabtree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"436329","article-title":"Body mass index: A risk factor for retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"2013","author":"Antunica","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"818671","article-title":"Inflammation, Haemostatic Disturbance and Obesity: Possible link to Pathogenesis of DiabeticRetinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"2013","author":"Antunica","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"387919","article-title":"Body mass index and retinopathy intype 1 diabetic patients","volume":"2014","author":"Antunica","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, H.N., Zhang, X.J., Ling, X.T., Bui, C.H., Wang, Y.M., Ip, P., Chu, W.K., Chen, L.J., Tham, C.C., and Yam, J.C. (2022). Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084226"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"172","article-title":"Serum Levels of Vitamin D in Diabetic Patients with and Without Retinopathy","volume":"15","author":"Afarid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.10.004","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic retinopathy: A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000058","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2014-000058","article-title":"Lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 are associated with a higher prevalence of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Zoppini","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374178","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/374178","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2015","author":"Alcubierre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001364","article-title":"Relationship of serum vitamin D levels with diabetic microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"134","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(99)00085-5","article-title":"Serum 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3), 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and parathormone levels in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"33","author":"Aksoy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0103","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with retinopathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.12.002","article-title":"Vitamin D measurement standardization: The way out of the chaos","volume":"173","author":"Binkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0180","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: A predictor of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Herrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.040","article-title":"Association of serum vitamin D levels and diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes","volume":"139","author":"Ashinne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714590","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2714590","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D deficiency on retinopathy and hearing loss among type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"2018","author":"Bener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-019-0181-z","article-title":"Serum vitamin D is a biomolecular biomarker for proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Nadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1010-6449","article-title":"Could vitamin D be associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy? Evidence from pooling studies","volume":"51","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.01.043","article-title":"The association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency and diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Senyigit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2019-0113","article-title":"The effects of chromium and vitamin D3 co-supplementation on insulin resistance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in type 2 diabetes: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Imanparast","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Robredo, P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamora, J., Recalde, S., Bilbao-Malav\u00e9, V., Bezunartea, J., Hernandez, M., and Garcia-Layana, A. (2020). Vitamin D protects against oxidative stress and inflammation in human retinal cells. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090838"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"030502","article-title":"Inflammatory and angiogenic biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"30","author":"Antunica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Medica"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"51","article-title":"The role of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.053","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: From atherosclerosis to myocardial infarction and stroke","volume":"230","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971164","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.971164","article-title":"Vitamin D3 preserves blood retinal barrier integrity in an in vitro model of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Lazzara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3944","article-title":"Childhood 25-OH vitamin D levels and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study","volume":"100","author":"Juonala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16872","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in early-stage diabetic retinopathy with vitamin D deficiency","volume":"56","author":"Gungor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564738","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.564738","article-title":"Association between vitamin D status and diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study in Hunan China","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.01.012","article-title":"Plasma vitamin D status in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without retinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1788","article-title":"Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00087","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation, serum 25(OH)D concentrations and cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160929","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammation-linked vascular endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"57","author":"Jablonski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010650","article-title":"Vitamin D promotes vascular regeneration","volume":"130","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e281","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2017.30","article-title":"Glycated hemoglobin A1C and vitamin D and their association with diabetic retinopathy severity","volume":"7","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, B.A., Gao, F., and Qin, L.L. (2017). The association between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030307"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736316","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.736316","article-title":"Elevated NLRP3 Inflammasome Levels Correlate with Vitamin D in the Vitreous of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101799","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13427","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"95","author":"Loukovaara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02333-2","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the outcome of treatment with bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Fekri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3447","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3447","article-title":"Protective role of vitamin D against oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Valle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:20:23Z","timestamp":1760127623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241512014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241512014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]}}}