{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:01:49Z","timestamp":1791421309700,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in the use of low-cost and effective sorbents in water treatment. Hybrid chitosan sorbents are potential materials for the adsorptive removal of phosphorus, which occurs in natural waters mainly in the form of orthophosphate(V). Even though there are numerous publications on this topic, the use of such sorbents in industrial water treatment and purification is limited and controversial. However, due to the explosive human population growth, the ever-increasing global demand for food has contributed to the consumption of phosphorus compounds and other biogenic elements (such as nitrogen, potassium, or sodium) in plant cultivation and animal husbandry. Therefore, the recovery and reuse of phosphorus compounds is an important issue to investigate for the development and maintenance of a circular economy. This paper characterizes the problem of the presence of excess phosphorus in water reservoirs and presents methods for the adsorptive removal of phosphate(V) from water matrices using chitosan composites. Additionally, we compare the impact of modifications, structure, and form of chitosan composites on the efficiency of phosphate ion removal and adsorption capacity. The state of knowledge regarding the mechanism of adsorption is detailed, and the results of research on the desorption of phosphates are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T01:51:47Z","timestamp":1690509107000},"page":"12060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Recovery of Phosphate(V) Ions from Water and Wastewater Using Chitosan-Based Sorbents Modified\u2014A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2475-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Wujcicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-7832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kluczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"The importance of phosphorus in the environment\u2014Review article","volume":"15","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Waste Manag. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"424","article-title":"Mechanisms for phosphorus fluctuation in Phanerozoic volcanic rocks","volume":"106764","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"U.S. Department of the Interior (2023). Mineral Commodity Summaries, U.S. Geological Survey."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"13","article-title":"Czy \u015bwiatu grozi brak fosforu do produkcji nawoz\u00f3w?","volume":"33","author":"Korzeniowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nasza Rola Wi\u0119cej Z Pola"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00371-0","article-title":"Ultimate removal of phosphate from wastewater using a new class of polymeric ion exchangers","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR020448","article-title":"Global Anthropogenic Phosphorus Loads to Freshwater and Associated Grey Water Footprints and Water Pollution Levels: A High-Resolution Global Study","volume":"54","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00043-1","article-title":"The relation between phosphorus and eutrophication in the Thames catchment","volume":"228","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105362","article-title":"A review on chitosan-gelatin nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications","volume":"179","author":"Sethi","year":"2022","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.112","article-title":"Can fungi compete with marine sources for chitosan production?","volume":"104","author":"Ghormade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"203","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan","volume":"3","author":"Aranaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03626-9","article-title":"Review on preparation and adsorption properties of chitosan and chitosan composites","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.159","article-title":"Fast and efficient phosphate removal on lanthanum-chitosan composite synthesized by controlling the amount of cross-linking agent","volume":"157","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"41044117","article-title":"Sorption of nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate III and V) in an equimolar mixture of P\u2013PO4, N\u2013NO2 and N\u2013NO3 using chitosan","volume":"12","author":"Filipkowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96416-2","article-title":"Recovery of phosphorus as soluble phosphates from aqueous solutions using chitosan hydrogel sorbents","volume":"11","author":"Kowalkowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1260\/0263-6174.32.7.557","article-title":"Phosphate Adsorption onto Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Microspheres","volume":"32","author":"Leduc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adsorp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42949","DOI":"10.1002\/app.42949","article-title":"Cross-linked chitosan beads for phosphate removal from aqueous solution","volume":"133","author":"Mahaninia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.059","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of metal loaded chitosan-alginate biopolymeric hybrid beads for the efficient removal of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous solution","volume":"130","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.01.009","article-title":"High phosphate removal using La(OH)3 loaded chitosan based composites and mechanistic study","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115639","article-title":"Function integrated chitosan-based beads with throughout sorption sites and inherent diffusion network for efficient phosphate removal","volume":"230","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2021.485","article-title":"Removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by chitosan coated and lanthanum loaded biochar derived from urban dewatered sewage sludge: Adsorption mechanism and application to lab-scale columns","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2015.02.055","article-title":"Removal of phosphate anions using the modified chitosan beads: Adsorption kinetic, isotherm and mechanism studies","volume":"277","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.218","article-title":"Development of polyaminated chitosan-zirconium(IV) complex bead adsorbent for highly efficient removal and recovery of phosphorus in aqueous solutions","volume":"164","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.106","article-title":"Facile synthesis of Zr(IV)-crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose\/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel using PEG as pore-forming agent for enhanced phosphate removal","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04813-1","article-title":"Facile synthesis of hydrous zirconia-impregnated chitosan beads as a filter medium for efficient removal of phosphate from water","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluczka, J., Dudek, G., Kazek-K\u0119sik, A., and Gnus, M. (2019). Chitosan Hydrogel Beads Supported with Ceria for Boron Removal. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071567"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.24383","article-title":"Phosphate removal by Ce(III)-impregnated crosslinked chitosan complex from aqueous solutions","volume":"57","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"100272","article-title":"In-situ fabrication of cerium incorporated chitosan-\u03b2-cyclodextrin microspheres as an effective adsorbent for toxic anions removal","volume":"12","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109309","article-title":"Total recycle strategy of phosphorus recovery from wastewater using granule chitosan inlaid with \u03b3-AlOOH","volume":"184","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Envion. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.891467","article-title":"Effective utilization of the functional groups in chitosan by loading Zn(II) for the removal of nitrate and phosphate","volume":"54","author":"Sowmya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazdani, M.R., Virolainen, E., Conley, K., and Vahala, R. (2018). Chitosan\u2013Zinc(II) Complexes as a Bio-Sorbent for the Adsorptive Abatement of Phosphate: Mechanism of Complexation and Assessment of Adsorption Performance. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10010025"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-014-2050-6","article-title":"Effective Phosphate Removal from Synthesized Wastewater Using Copper\u2013Chitosan Bead: Batch and Fixed-Bed Column Studies","volume":"225","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.11.087","article-title":"Preparation and testing of a tetra-amine copper(II) chitosan bead system for enhanced phosphate remediation","volume":"183","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.11.085","article-title":"Phosphate adsorption from aqueous solutions by disused adsorbents: Chitosan hydrogel beads after the removal of copper(II)","volume":"66","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102182","article-title":"Synthesis of 3D calcium-modified microspheres for fast purification of simulated phosphate wastewater","volume":"42","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118671","article-title":"Chitosan based adsorbents for the removal of phosphate and nitrate: A critical review","volume":"274","author":"Eltaweil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125464","article-title":"Fe(III) loaded chitosan-biochar composite fibers for the removal of phosphate from water","volume":"415","author":"Palansooriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.02.044","article-title":"Biochar composition-dependent impacts on soil nutrient release, carbon mineralization, and potential environmental risk: A review","volume":"241","author":"Shaheen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102519","article-title":"A novel chitosan modified magnesium impregnated corn straw biochar for ammonium and phosphate removal from simulated livestock wastewater","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-2494-y","article-title":"A sustainable adsorbent for phosphate removal: Modifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes with chitosan","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2020.105547","article-title":"La(III)-bentonite\/chitosan composite: A new type adsorbent for rapid removal of phosphate from water bodies","volume":"190","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.04.070","article-title":"Effective phosphorus removal using chitosan\/Ca-organically modified montmorillonite beads in batch and fixed-bed column studies","volume":"375","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.138","article-title":"Lanthanum (III) encapsulated chitosan-montmorillonite composite for the adsorptive removal of phosphate ions from aqueous solution","volume":"112","author":"Banu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03094-w","article-title":"Highly efficient removal of phosphate by lanthanum modified nanochitosan-hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite nanocomposite: Characteristics and mechanism","volume":"27","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.100","article-title":"Development of multivalent metal ions imprinted chitosan biocomposites for phosphate sorption","volume":"104","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00098a010","article-title":"Small-particle research: Physicochemical properties of extremely small colloidal metal and semiconductor particles","volume":"89","author":"Henglein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.03.016","article-title":"Characterization of aqueous dispersions of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their biomedical applications","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.01.002","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of phosphate by magnetic Fe3O4@C@ZrO2","volume":"469","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.7b00751","article-title":"Development and Reuse of Amine-Grafted Chitosan Hybrid Beads in the Retention of Nitrate and Phosphate","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2017.1310937","article-title":"Laboratory and pilot-scale field experiments for application of iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded chitosan composites to phosphate removal from natural water","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.07.092","article-title":"Adsorption for phosphate by crosslinked\/non-crosslinked-chitosan-Fe(III) complex sorbents: Characteristic and mechanism","volume":"353","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.132","article-title":"Fabrication of hybrid chitosan encapsulated magnetic-kaolin beads for adsorption of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous solutions","volume":"168","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, R., Shen, L.-J., Zhang, Y.-Y., Dai, D.-Y., Zheng, X., Liao, L.-W., Wang, L., and Shi, L. (2018). Enhanced Phosphate Removal from Water by Honeycomb-Like Microporous Lanthanum-Chitosan Magnetic Spheres. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10111659"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.027","article-title":"Removal of nitrate and phosphate by chitosan composited beads derived from crude oil refinery waste: Sorption and cost-benefit analysis","volume":"207","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.015","article-title":"Removal of nitrate and phosphate using chitosan\/Al2O3\/Fe3O4 composite nanofibrous adsorbent: Comparison with chitosan\/Al2O3\/Fe3O4 beads","volume":"93","author":"Bozorgpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34668","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b11294","article-title":"Flexible Hierarchical ZrO2 Nanoparticle-Embedded SiO2 Nanofibrous Membrane as a Versatile Tool for Efficient Removal of Phosphate","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2012.07.001","article-title":"Application of chitosan\/polyacrylamide nanofibres for removal of chromate and phosphate in water","volume":"50\u201352","author":"Nthumbi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"192","article-title":"Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions by chitin and chitosan in flakes","volume":"21","author":"Szymczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Chem. Appl. Chitin Deriv."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chitosan impregnation of coconut husk biochar pellets improves their nutrient removal from eutrophic surface water","volume":"32","author":"Thonsamer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.11.036","article-title":"A novel quaternized chitosan\u2013melamine\u2013glutaraldehyde resin for the removal of nitrate and phosphate anions","volume":"64","author":"Sowmya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119369","article-title":"Pilot-scale phosphate recovery from wastewater to create a fertiliser product: An integrated assessment of adsorbent performance and quality","volume":"228","author":"Pap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122375","article-title":"Modified biochar for phosphate adsorption in environmentally relevant conditions","volume":"380","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2022.251","article-title":"Fabrication of lanthanum\/chitosan co-modified bentonite and phosphorus removal mechanism from low-concentration landscape water","volume":"86","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14470","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b01859","article-title":"Hydrothermal Fabrication of Zirconium Oxyhydroxide Capped Chitosan\/Kaolin Framework for Highly Selective Nitrate and Phosphate Retention","volume":"57","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26154","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c01648","article-title":"Diatomite Composited with a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework for Removing Phosphate from Water","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.7b00417","article-title":"Triethylene Tetramine Functionalized Magnetic Graphene Oxide Chitosan Composite with Superior Capacity for the Removal of Phosphate","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.11.033","article-title":"Preparation of polyaminated Fe3O4@chitosan core-shell magnetic nanoparticles for efficient adsorption of phosphate in aqueous solutions","volume":"83","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108662","article-title":"Surface Chitosan-coated Fe3O4 immobilized lignin for adsorbed phosphate radicals in solution","volume":"187","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012047","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/655\/1\/012047","article-title":"Exploring the potential of N-acylated chitosan for the removal of toxic pollutants from wastewater","volume":"655","author":"Naidoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012083","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1114\/1\/012083","article-title":"Efficacy of nanochitosan impregnated polyurethane foam in removing phosphate from aqueous solutions","volume":"1114","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12980","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11257-2","article-title":"Investigations on characteristics of polyurethane foam impregnated with nanochitosan and nanosilver\/silver oxide and its effectiveness in phosphate removal","volume":"28","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204-021-00214-0","article-title":"Nanochitosan impregnated polyurethane foam in the removal of phosphate and coliforms from greywater","volume":"8","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03382-5","article-title":"Optimized removal of phosphate and nitrate from aqueous media using zirconium functionalized nanochitosan-graphene oxide composite","volume":"27","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.170915","article-title":"The removal of phosphate from aqueous solution through chemical filtration using a sponge filter","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-019-00900-1","article-title":"Chitosan for direct bioflocculation of wastewater","volume":"17","author":"Lichtfouse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/wej.12288","article-title":"Repeated phosphate removal from recirculating aquaculture system using cyanobacterium remediation and chitosan flocculation","volume":"31","author":"Rojsitthisak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.2166\/wp.2021.065","article-title":"Addition of chitosan improves the efficiency of total phosphorus removal from wastewater using the D-A2O reactor and metagenomic analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Policy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129984","article-title":"Quaternary amine functionalized chitosan for enhanced adsorption of low concentration phosphate to remediate environmental eutrophication","volume":"653","author":"Mackay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.06.201","article-title":"Zirconium-loaded magnetic interpenetrating network chitosan\/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for phosphorus recovery from the aquatic environment","volume":"423","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.074","article-title":"Adsorptive performance of lanthanum encapsulated biopolymer chitosan-kaolin clay hybrid composite for the recovery of nitrate and phosphate from water","volume":"154","author":"Banu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.122717","article-title":"Efficient phosphate adsorption by a composite composed of Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16\u00b74H2O LDH and Chitosan: Kinetic, thermodynamic, desorption, and characterization studies","volume":"307","author":"Isidoro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.074","article-title":"Cu(II) bind.ed chitosan\/Fe3O4 nanocomomposite as a new biosorbent for efficient and selective removal of phosphate","volume":"101","author":"Zavareh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12060\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:20:56Z","timestamp":1760127656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241512060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241512060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]}}}