{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:07:43Z","timestamp":1792123663014,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":377,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY030140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030140"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY029238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY029238"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["M2019114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M2019114"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006312","name":"BrightFocus Foundation and American Health Assistance Foundation (AHAF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY030140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006312","name":"BrightFocus Foundation and American Health Assistance Foundation (AHAF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY029238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY029238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006312","name":"BrightFocus Foundation and American Health Assistance Foundation (AHAF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M2019114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M2019114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Pilot Grant","award":["R01EY030140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030140"]}]},{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Pilot Grant","award":["R01EY029238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY029238"]}]},{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Pilot Grant","award":["M2019114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M2019114"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Ophthalmology Foundation","award":["R01EY030140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030140"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Ophthalmology Foundation","award":["R01EY029238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY029238"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Ophthalmology Foundation","award":["M2019114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M2019114"]}]},{"name":"Knights Templar Eye Foundation","award":["R01EY030140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030140"]}]},{"name":"Knights Templar Eye Foundation","award":["R01EY029238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY029238"]}]},{"name":"Knights Templar Eye Foundation","award":["M2019114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M2019114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The eye is an immune privileged tissue that insulates the visual system from local and systemic immune provocation to preserve homeostatic functions of highly specialized retinal neural cells. If immune privilege is breached, immune stimuli will invade the eye and subsequently trigger acute inflammatory responses. Local resident microglia become active and release numerous immunological factors to protect the integrity of retinal neural cells. Although acute inflammatory responses are necessary to control and eradicate insults to the eye, chronic inflammation can cause retinal tissue damage and cell dysfunction, leading to ocular disease and vision loss. In this review, we summarized features of immune privilege in the retina and the key inflammatory responses, factors, and intracellular pathways activated when retinal immune privilege fails, as well as a highlight of the recent clinical and research advances in ocular immunity and ocular vascular diseases including retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T07:35:24Z","timestamp":1690529724000},"page":"12090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Ocular Vascular Diseases: From Retinal Immune Privilege to Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xudong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enton","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7674-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1102574","article-title":"Ocular immune privilege: The eye takes a dim but practical view of immunity and inflammation","volume":"74","author":"Streilein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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