{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:40Z","timestamp":1760149360434,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Giovanni Marazzina Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with variable phenotypic expressions which has been associated with autonomic dysfunction. The cardiovascular system seems to be affected especially in the context of bulbar involvement. We describe four new cases of Tako-Tsubo syndrome (TTS) in ALS patients with an appraisal of the literature. We present a late-stage ALS patient with prominent bulbar involvement that presented TTS during hospitalization. We then retrospectively identify three additional ALS\u2013TTS cases reporting relevant clinical findings. TTS cardiomyopathy has been observed in different acute neurological conditions, and the co-occurrence of ALS and TTS has already been reported. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions have been described in ALS, especially in the context of an advanced diseases and with bulbar involvement. Noradrenergic hyperfunction linked to sympathetic denervation and ventilatory deficits coupled in different instances with a trigger event could play a synergistic role in the development of TTS in ALS. Sympathetic hyperfunctioning and ventilatory deficits in conjunction with cardiac autonomic nerves impairment may play a role in the development of TTS in a context of ALS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T07:35:24Z","timestamp":1690529724000},"page":"12096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tako-Tsubo Syndrome in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Single-Center Case Series and Brief Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Napoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation, Neurology Unit and Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation, Neurology Unit and Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7046-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianni","family":"Cutillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation, Neurology Unit and Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7152-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paride","family":"Schito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation, Neurology Unit and Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation, Neurology Unit and Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8226-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Quattrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation, Neurology Unit and Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0513-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilo","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation, Neurology Unit and Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.184","article-title":"The phenotypic variability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Swinnen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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