{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:29:06Z","timestamp":1790980146942,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia)"},{"name":"Yugilbar Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory mechanisms are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Lewy body dementia (LBD). Our objectives were to, firstly, review inflammation investigation methods in LBD (dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia) and, secondly, identify alterations in inflammatory signals in LBD compared to people without neurodegenerative disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic scoping review was performed by searching major electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and PSYCHInfo) to identify relevant human studies. Of the 2509 results screened, 80 studies were included. Thirty-six studies analyzed postmortem brain tissue, and 44 investigated living subjects with cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and\/or brain imaging assessments. Largely cross-sectional data were available, although two longitudinal clinical studies investigated prodromal Lewy body disease. Investigations were focused on inflammatory immune cell activity (microglia, astrocytes, and lymphocytes) and inflammatory molecules (cytokines, etc.). Results of the included studies identified innate and adaptive immune system contributions to inflammation associated with Lewy body pathology and clinical disease features. Different signals in early and late-stage disease, with possible late immune senescence and dystrophic glial cell populations, were identified. The strength of these associations is limited by the varying methodologies, small study sizes, and cross-sectional nature of the data. Longitudinal studies investigating associations with clinical and other biomarker outcomes are needed to improve understanding of inflammatory activity over the course of LBD. This could identify markers of disease activity and support therapeutic development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:26:40Z","timestamp":1690766800000},"page":"12116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Investigation of Inflammation in Lewy Body Dementia: A Systematic Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8491-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula M.","family":"Loveland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2322-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny J.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9807-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonid","family":"Churilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0685-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawaf","family":"Yassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosie","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.7.11.1499","article-title":"Distinguishing Lewy body dementias from Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Galvin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21507","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Emre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305277","article-title":"The CamPaIGN study of Parkinson\u2019s disease: 10-year outlook in an incident population-based cohort","volume":"84","author":"Mason","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21956","article-title":"The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson\u2019s disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years","volume":"23","author":"Hely","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20635","article-title":"Neuropathology of dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A prospective, community-based study","volume":"58","author":"Aarsland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009323","article-title":"Research criteria for the diagnosis of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"94","author":"McKeith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"129","author":"Amor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101755","article-title":"Chronic inflammation and the hallmarks of aging","volume":"74","author":"Baechle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105700","article-title":"Immune responses in the Parkinson\u2019s disease brain","volume":"168","author":"Weiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"150","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in lewy body dementia","volume":"4","author":"Surendranathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a4a577","article-title":"Microglia: Multiple roles in surveillance, circuit shaping, and response to injury","volume":"81","author":"Benarroch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30346-X","article-title":"PET imaging of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders","volume":"19","author":"Kreisl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupont, A.-C., Largeau, B., Santiago Ribeiro, M.J., Guilloteau, D., Tronel, C., and Arlicot, N. (2017). Translocator Protein-18 kDa (TSPO) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging and Its Clinical Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040785"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147291","article-title":"Contribution of astrocytes to neuropathology of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"1758","author":"Acioglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers, A.J., Brahimi, A., Jenkins, I.J., and Koob, A.O. (2023). The Synucleins and the Astrocyte. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020155"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3","article-title":"Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders","volume":"18","author":"Abdelhak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925135","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/925135","article-title":"CD4\u207aT cells: Differentiation and functions","volume":"2012","author":"Luckheeram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240415","article-title":"Rate of cell death in parkinsonism indicates active neuropathological process","volume":"24","author":"McGeer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22815","article-title":"T cells from patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease recognize \u03b1-synuclein peptides","volume":"546","author":"Sulzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.10.029","article-title":"The key role of T cells in Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"60","author":"Baird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106067","article-title":"NF-\u03baB\/c-Rel DNA-binding is reduced in substantia nigra and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"180","author":"Porrini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","article-title":"Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2742","article-title":"Aberrations in Peripheral Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26563","article-title":"Serum immune markers and disease progression in an incident Parkinson\u2019s disease cohort (ICICLE-PD)","volume":"31","author":"Wijeyekoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-8-19","article-title":"TREM2 in neurodegeneration: Evidence for association of the p.R47H variant with frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Rayaprolu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25385","article-title":"Serum Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 as a Biomarker for Incident Dementia: The Hisayama Study","volume":"85","author":"Ohara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2020.13","article-title":"Systematic review of gene expression studies in people with Lewy body dementia","volume":"32","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatrica."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn, Z., Peters, M.D.J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., and Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5365","article-title":"Prospective longitudinal evaluation of cytokines in mild cognitive impairment due to AD and Lewy body disease","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00184-9","article-title":"Serum metabolic biomarkers for synucleinopathy conversion in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder","volume":"7","author":"Laguna","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"7758","article-title":"Effects of butylphthalide soft capsules on cognitive function, ability of daily living, and related factors in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","article-title":"Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains","volume":"38","author":"McGeer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.132","article-title":"Activated microglia in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"55","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-004-0919-y","article-title":"Cytokine production of activated microglia and decrease in neurotrophic factors of neurons in the hippocampus of Lewy body disease brains","volume":"109","author":"Imamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01090-9","article-title":"Degeneration process of Lewy bodies in the brains of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies using alpha-synuclein-immunohistochemistry","volume":"286","author":"Iseki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00498-6","article-title":"Glial involvement in the degeneration process of Lewy body-bearing neurons and the degradation process of Lewy bodies in brains of dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"184","author":"Togo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.6.817","article-title":"Cortical inflammation in Alzheimer disease but not dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"57","author":"Shepherd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010000225","article-title":"Activated microglial cells and complement factors are unrelated to cortical Lewy bodies","volume":"100","author":"Rozemuller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-3-29","article-title":"Complement activation in the Parkinson\u2019s disease substantia nigra: An immunocytochemical study","volume":"3","author":"Loeffler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1789.2003.00483.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of the expression of cytokines and nitric oxide synthases in brains of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"23","author":"Katsuse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0209-z","article-title":"Disease-related microglia heterogeneity in the hippocampus of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and hippocampal sclerosis of aging","volume":"3","author":"Bachstetter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.10.012","article-title":"Microglia in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"55","author":"Streit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851262","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3851262","article-title":"Distinct pattern of microgliosis in the olfactory bulb of neurodegenerative proteinopathies","volume":"2017","author":"Kohl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00954-8","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies: A human post-mortem study","volume":"10","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01342-7","article-title":"Microglia phenotypes are associated with subregional patterns of concomitant tau, amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein pathologies in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"10","author":"Fixemer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl5163","article-title":"Impact of neurodegenerative diseases on human adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"374","author":"Trinchero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.07.002","article-title":"In vivo microglia activation in very early dementia with Lewy bodies, comparison with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Iannaccone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.06.016","article-title":"Influence of microglial activation on neuronal function in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.255","article-title":"Microglia, amyloid, and glucose metabolism in Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without dementia","volume":"38","author":"Edison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150827","article-title":"Does Microglial Activation Influence Hippocampal Volume and Neuronal Function in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Dementia?","volume":"51","author":"Femminella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy265","article-title":"Early microglial activation and peripheral inflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"141","author":"Surendranathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50877","article-title":"(11) C-PK11195 PET imaging and white matter changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"6","author":"Nicastro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","article-title":"Reactive Astrocytes: Production, Function, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"46","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"89","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Molecular Pathology in the Frontal Cortex in Typical and Rapidly Progressive Forms","volume":"8","author":"Konetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay0399","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay0399","article-title":"LRRK2 mediates microglial neurotoxicity via NFATc2 in rodent models of synucleinopathies","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12917","article-title":"Isoform-specific upregulation of FynT kinase expression is associated with tauopathy and glial activation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Lewy body dementias","volume":"31","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0226-4","article-title":"YKL-40 in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"12","author":"Llorens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27333","article-title":"Molecular changes in the absence of severe pathology in the pulvinar in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"33","author":"Erskine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wennstrom, M., Surova, Y., Hall, S., Nilsson, C., Minthon, L., Hansson, O., and Nielsen, H.M. (2015). The Inflammatory Marker YKL-40 Is Elevated in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s but Not Parkinson\u2019s Disease or Dementia with Lewy Bodies. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135458"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.266","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin and YKL-40 as biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Janelidze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0361-3","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Clinical utility of an extended panel of biomarkers in a specialist cognitive clinic","volume":"10","author":"Paterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44173-8","article-title":"Different pattern of CSF glial markers between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Alcolea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1531-3","article-title":"Plasma YKL-40 in the spectrum of neurodegenerative dementia","volume":"16","author":"Schmitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.629","article-title":"Novel CSF biomarkers to discriminate FTLD and its pathological subtypes","volume":"5","author":"Galimberti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28738","article-title":"Systematic Assessment of 10 Biomarker Candidates Focusing on \u03b1-Synuclein-Related Disorders","volume":"36","author":"Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0485-5","article-title":"CD3 in Lewy pathology: Does the abnormal recall of neurodevelopmental processes underlie Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"118","author":"Castellani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01888-0","article-title":"Neuroinflammation is associated with infiltration of T cells in Lewy body disease and alpha-synuclein transgenic models","volume":"17","author":"Iba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01083-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and protein pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"8","author":"Kouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7266","article-title":"CD4(+) T cells contribute to neurodegeneration in Lewy body dementia","volume":"374","author":"Gate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323603","article-title":"Peripheral immunophenotype in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An observational clinical study","volume":"91","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.01.004","article-title":"Amyloid-specific T-cells differentiate Alzheimer\u2019s disease from Lewy body dementia","volume":"33","author":"Lanuti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Levels of CSF IL-6 are decreased and correlate with Mmse and CSF levels of alpha-synuclein in DLB patients","volume":"15","author":"Wennstrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00480","article-title":"CSF Cytokines in Aging, Multiple Sclerosis, and Dementia","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31517-z","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of inflammatory markers in Parkinson\u2019s disease and atypical parkinsonian disorders","volume":"8","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105251","article-title":"Elevation of inactive cleaved annexin A1 in the neocortex is associated with amyloid, inflammatory and apoptotic markers in neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"152","author":"Chua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjorkqvist, M., Ohlsson, M., Minthon, L., and Hansson, O. (2012). Evaluation of a previously suggested plasma biomarker panel to identify Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029868"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000193","article-title":"Converging mediators from immune and trophic pathways to identify Parkinson disease dementia","volume":"3","author":"Lue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. NeuroInflammation."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3182969905","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines and the clinical features of dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"29","author":"Clough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.058","article-title":"Plasma cytokine profile in synucleinophaties with dementia","volume":"78","author":"Usenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00329-9","article-title":"Different peripheral expression patterns of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Costantini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317134","article-title":"1. Peripheral inflammation in prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s and Lewy body dementias","volume":"89","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.11.011","article-title":"Soluble adhesion molecules and angiotensin-converting enzyme in dementia","volume":"26","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271077.82508.a0","article-title":"Plasma and CSF serpins in Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"69","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2174\/156720512800107537","article-title":"Gender-dependent levels of hyaluronic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurodegenerative dementia","volume":"9","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S13958","article-title":"Kynurenic Acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease or dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"7","author":"Wennstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.007","article-title":"Changes in CD200 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels in brains of Lewy body disorder cases are associated with amounts of Alzheimer\u2019s pathology not alpha-synuclein pathology","volume":"54","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.06.007","article-title":"Postmortem Cortical Transcriptomics of Lewy Body Dementia Reveal Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lack of Neuroinflammation","volume":"28","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.0474","article-title":"Is neuroinflammation involved in the development of dementia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"52","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"349","article-title":"Relationship between serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and cognitive function in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Asia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101615","article-title":"QEEG indices are associated with inflammatory and metabolic risk factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia: An observational study","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.07.009","article-title":"Procalcitonin is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia and acute neuroinflammation","volume":"189","author":"Ernst","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802179115","article-title":"Soluble epoxide hydrolase plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"115","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21860","article-title":"Relevance of COX-2 gene expression in dementia with Lewy bodies associated with Alzheimer pathology","volume":"23","author":"Saldana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1436-1","article-title":"Astrocytic ceramide as possible indicator of neuroinflammation","volume":"16","author":"Mulder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.10.020","article-title":"Osteopontin is elevated in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its absence leads to reduced neurodegeneration in the MPTP model","volume":"25","author":"Maetzler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0209-x","article-title":"A single-nucleotide polymorphism of the osteopontin gene may contribute to a susceptibility to Lewy body disease","volume":"116","author":"Maetzler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oizumi, H., Sugimura, Y., Totsune, T., Kawasaki, I., Ohshiro, S., Baba, T., Kimpara, T., Sakuma, H., Hasegawa, T., and Kawahata, I. (2022). Plasma sphingolipid abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279315"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"S190","article-title":"Vascular, inflammatory and metabolic risk factors in relation to dementia in parkinson\u2019s disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.01.006","article-title":"Complement 3 and factor h in human cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and multiple-system atrophy","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0296-4","article-title":"The prevalence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF of patients with primary neurodegenerative dementia","volume":"251","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5876-x","article-title":"Summary of cerebrospinal fluid routine parameters in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"258","author":"Jesse","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.10.012","article-title":"Next-Generation RNA-Sequencing of Serum Small Extracellular Vesicles Discovers Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Dementia With Lewy Bodies","volume":"29","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Off. J. Am. Assoc. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12511","article-title":"Transcriptional network analysis in frontal cortex in Lewy body diseases with focus on dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"28","author":"Santpere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2022.02.003","article-title":"Blood mRNA Expression in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia With Lewy Bodies","volume":"30","author":"Donaghy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1274","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical differences in patients having parkinson disease with vs without GBA mutations","volume":"70","author":"Chahine","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19021","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19021","article-title":"Lack of association between IL-10 and IL-18 gene promoter polymorphisms and Parkinson\u2019s disease with cognitive impairment in a Chinese population","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0289-x","article-title":"ABI3 and PLCG2 missense variants as risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases in Caucasians and African Americans","volume":"13","author":"Conway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105698","article-title":"Inflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"168","author":"Amin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.275","article-title":"Extracellular alpha-synuclein\u2014A novel and crucial factor in Lewy body diseases","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2016.25.3.113","article-title":"Non-cell-autonomous Neurotoxicity of alpha-synuclein Through Microglial Toll-like Receptor 2","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2534","article-title":"Neuron-released oligomeric \u03b1-synuclein is an endogenous agonist of TLR2 for paracrine activation of microglia","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2010.12.020","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein release by neurons activates the inflammatory response in a microglial cell line","volume":"69","author":"Couch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22437","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 is required for \u03b1-synuclein dependent activation of microglia and astroglia","volume":"61","author":"Fellner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1774149","article-title":"Synucleinphagy: A microglial \u201ccommunity cleanup program\u201d for neuroprotection","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0276-2","article-title":"Immunotherapy targeting toll-like receptor 2 alleviates neurodegeneration in models of synucleinopathy by modulating alpha-synuclein transmission and neuroinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64.7","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.204.Supp.64.7","article-title":"LRRK2-mediated microglial activation via NFATc2: A novel mechanism of neurotoxic inflammation in synucleinopathies","volume":"204","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1171-z","article-title":"Lewy body-like alpha-synuclein inclusions trigger reactive microgliosis prior to nigral degeneration","volume":"15","author":"Duffy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39060-w","article-title":"Border-associated macrophages mediate the neuroinflammatory response in an alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson disease","volume":"14","author":"Schonhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00509-5","article-title":"Pathological \u03b1-synuclein recruits LRRK2 expressing pro-inflammatory monocytes to the brain","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.01.002","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Bradburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104547","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in adults with Down syndrome: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"90","author":"Alcolea","year":"2023","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01174-0","article-title":"The dynamics of plasma biomarkers across the Alzheimer\u2019s continuum","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15762","article-title":"Blood biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment patients: Relationship between analytes and progression to Alzheimer disease dementia","volume":"30","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13399","article-title":"Glial fibrillar acidic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"136","author":"Ishiki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327788","article-title":"Differential levels of plasma biomarkers of neurodegeneration in Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"93","author":"Chouliaras","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180325","article-title":"Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Serum is Increased in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Correlates with Cognitive Impairment","volume":"67","author":"Oeckl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01093-6","article-title":"Diagnostic value of plasma p-tau181, NfL, and GFAP in a clinical setting cohort of prevalent neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"14","author":"Baiardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220318","article-title":"A Combination of Neurofilament Light, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Neuronal Pentraxin-2 Discriminates Between Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Dementias","volume":"90","author":"Bolsewig","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab103","article-title":"CD4 T cells mediate brain inflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01776-7","article-title":"Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson\u2019s disease brain","volume":"17","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12301","article-title":"The role of innate immune responses and neuroinflammation in amyloid accumulation and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"98","author":"Webers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0574-0","article-title":"Low plasma neurofilament light levels associated with raised cortical microglial activation suggest inflammation acts to protect prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Parbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0592-3","article-title":"Systemic infection modifies the neuroinflammatory response in late stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Rakic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww017","article-title":"Early and protective microglial activation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A prospective study using 18F-DPA-714 PET imaging","volume":"139","author":"Hamelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.96","article-title":"A clinicopathological approach to the diagnosis of dementia","volume":"13","author":"Elahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jellinger, K.A., and Korczyn, A.D. (2018). Are dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia the same disease?. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1016-8"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"204","article-title":"The concordance of clinical and neuropathological diagnosis of dementia","volume":"33","author":"Englund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bousiges, O., and Blanc, F. (2022). Biomarkers of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Differential Diagnostic with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126371"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4200","article-title":"Rapid Progress Toward Reliable Blood Tests for Alzheimer Disease","volume":"78","author":"Thijssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116886","article-title":"Novel fluid biomarkers to differentiate frontotemporal dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review","volume":"415","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09835-4","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Detection of Aggregated alpha-Synuclein in Glial Cells, Human Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Tissue Using the RT-QuIC Assay: New High-Throughput Neuroimmune Biomarker Assay for Parkinsonian Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Manne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872629","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.872629","article-title":"The Future of Seed Amplification Assays and Clinical Trials","volume":"14","author":"Coysh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28651","article-title":"RT-QuIC Detection of Pathological \u03b1-Synuclein in Skin Punches of Patients with Lewy Body Disease","volume":"36","author":"Mammana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01388-7","article-title":"Hansson Performance of \u03b1Synuclein RT-QuIC in relation to neuropathological staging of Lewy body disease","volume":"10","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30449-X","article-title":"Detection of \u03b1-synuclein in CSF by RT-QuIC in patients with isolated rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: A longitudinal observational study","volume":"20","author":"Iranzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02358-9","article-title":"Propagative \u03b1-synuclein seeds as serum biomarkers for synucleinopathies","volume":"29","author":"Okuzumi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.09.030","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical associations of tau in Lewy body dementias: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15211","article-title":"The influence of cerebrovascular disease in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"29","author":"Hijazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00564-6","article-title":"Aging exacerbates the brain inflammatory micro-environment contributing to alpha-synuclein pathology and functional deficits in a mouse model of DLB\/PD","volume":"17","author":"Iba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"33","article-title":"Increased intrathecal TGF-beta1, but not IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"27","author":"Rota","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci. Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210147","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitters, cytokines, and chemokines in Alzheimer\u2019s and Lewy body diseases","volume":"82","author":"Lourenco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimes Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1997.0289","article-title":"Diurnal rhythms of pro-inflammatory cytokines: Regulation by plasma cortisol and therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Petrovsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833cf3bc","article-title":"Conceptual and methodological issues relevant to cytokine and inflammatory marker measurements in clinical research","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.05.032","article-title":"A comparison of biofluid cytokine markers across platform technologies: Correspondence or divergence?","volume":"111","author":"Casaletto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160781","article-title":"Increased Transforming Growth Factor beta 2 in the Neocortex of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies is Correlated with Disease Severity and Soluble A beta(42) Load","volume":"56","author":"Chong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx069","article-title":"Injury Leads to the Appearance of Cells with Characteristics of Both Microglia and Astrocytes in Mouse and Human Brain","volume":"27","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50837","article-title":"Translocator protein in late stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies brains","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Knight, W.C., Yang, P., Guo, Y., Perlmutter, J.S., Morris, J.C., Bateman, R.J., Benzinger, T.L.S., and Xu, J. (2020). Microglia Implicated in Tauopathy in the Striatum of Neurodegenerative Disease Patients from Genotype to Phenotype. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176047"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.322463","article-title":"Striatal oxidative damages and neuroinflammation correlate with progression and survival of Lewy body and Alzheimer diseases","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-021-00687-4","article-title":"Increased expression of pathological markers in Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia post-mortem brains compared to dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"23","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102200","article-title":"Correlation of microglial activation with white matter changes in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"25","author":"Nicastro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage-Clin."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers in Dementia With Lewy Bodies Compared With Alzheimer Disease","volume":"60","author":"Gonzalo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.5.788","article-title":"Sensitive immunoluminometric assay for the detection of procalcitonin","volume":"48","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0145-y","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of IL-6 are decreased and correlate with cognitive status in DLB patients","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002151","article-title":"Increased CSF biomarkers of angiogenesis in Parkinson disease","volume":"85","author":"Janelidze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.07.007","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in Parkinson\u2019s disease--associations with depression, fatigue, and cognitive impairment","volume":"33","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28958","article-title":"The Neuroinflammatory Acute Phase Response in Parkinsonian-Related Disorders","volume":"37","author":"Ayton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101068","article-title":"Emerging roles of lysophospholipids in health and disease","volume":"80","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:21:38Z","timestamp":1760127698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241512116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241512116","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}}}