{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:32:52Z","timestamp":1793734372249,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MJFF-010267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-010267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MJFF-021286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-021286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRCPXI000191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRCPXI000191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","award":["MJFF-010267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-010267"]}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","award":["MJFF-021286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-021286"]}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","award":["CRCPXI000191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRCPXI000191"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Centres Project","award":["MJFF-010267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-010267"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Centres Project","award":["MJFF-021286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-021286"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Centres Project","award":["CRCPXI000191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRCPXI000191"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Like many neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of proteinaceous aggregates in brain cells. In PD, those proteinaceous aggregates are formed by the \u03b1-synuclein (\u03b1Syn) and are considered the trademark of this neurodegenerative disease. In addition to PD, \u03b1Syn pathological aggregation is also detected in atypical Parkinsonism, including Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), as well as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, some cases of traumatic brain injuries, and variants of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Collectively, these (and other) disorders are referred to as synucleinopathies, highlighting the relation between disease type and protein misfolding\/aggregation. Despite these pathological relationships, however, synucleinopathies cover a wide range of pathologies, present with a multiplicity of symptoms, and arise from dysfunctions in different neuroanatomical regions and cell populations. Strikingly, \u03b1Syn deposition occurs in different types of cells, with oligodendrocytes being mainly affected in MSA, while aggregates are found in neurons in PD. If multiple factors contribute to the development of a pathology, especially in the cases of slow-developing neurodegenerative disorders, the common presence of \u03b1Syn aggregation, as both a marker and potential driver of disease, is puzzling. In this review, we will focus on comparing PD, DLB, and MSA, from symptomatology to molecular description, highlighting the role and contribution of \u03b1Syn aggregates in each disorder. We will particularly present recent evidence for the involvement of conformational strains of \u03b1Syn aggregates and discuss the reciprocal relationship between \u03b1Syn strains and the cellular milieu. Moreover, we will highlight the need for effective methodologies for the strainotyping of aggregates to ameliorate diagnosing capabilities and therapeutic treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:26:40Z","timestamp":1690766800000},"page":"12134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["\u03b1-Synuclein Strains and Their Relevance to Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy, and Dementia with Lewy Bodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5507-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah J.","family":"Graves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Gambin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9970-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Sierecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.18020","article-title":"Clinical and Imaging Features of Multiple System Atrophy: Challenges for an Early and Clinically Definitive Diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30153-X","article-title":"New Evidence on the Management of Lewy Body Dementia","volume":"19","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12597","article-title":"Neuropathology of Lewy Body Disease: Clinicopathological Crosstalk between Typical and Atypical Cases","volume":"40","author":"Kon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0603","article-title":"Survival and Causes of Death among People with Clinically Diagnosed Synucleinopathies with Parkinsonism: A Population-Based Study","volume":"74","author":"Savica","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-010-0072-y","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Psychosis","volume":"12","author":"Zahodne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009258","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009258","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Parkinsonism: Neuropathology","volume":"2","author":"Dickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737195","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.737195","article-title":"The Concept of \u03b1-Synuclein Strains and How Different Conformations May Explain Distinct Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2839-5","article-title":"\u2c6d-Synuclein Strains and Seeding in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Incidental Lewy Body Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Multiple System Atrophy: Similarities and Differences","volume":"373","author":"Peelaerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05319-3","article-title":"Structures of \u03b1-Synuclein Filaments from Human Brains with Lewy Pathology","volume":"610","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023487118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023487118","article-title":"The N Terminus of \u03b1-Synuclein Dictates Fibril Formation","volume":"118","author":"McGlinchey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia, P., Camino, J.D., Volpicelli-Daley, L., and Cremades, N. (2020). Multiplicity of \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregated Species and Their Possible Roles in Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218043"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00498","article-title":"Role of Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Linked Mutations and N-Terminal Acetylation on the Oligomerization of \u03b1-Synuclein Induced by 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde","volume":"10","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02550-8","article-title":"New SNCA Mutation and Structures of \u03b1-Synuclein Filaments from Juvenile-Onset Synucleinopathy","volume":"145","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a024091","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a024091","article-title":"Cell Biology and Pathophysiology of \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80886-7","article-title":"Mice Lacking A-Synuclein Display Functional in the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System","volume":"25","author":"Abeliovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"S53","article-title":"The Synucleinopathies: Twenty Years On","volume":"7","author":"Goedert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00552","article-title":"Prion-like Mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12370","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"Volume 26","author":"Atik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Pathology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00415","article-title":"Are We Ready for Detecting \u03b1-Synuclein Prone to Aggregation in Patients? The Case of \u201cProtein-Misfolding Cyclic Amplification\u201d and \u201cReal-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion\u201d as Diagnostic Tools","volume":"9","author":"Paciotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1021\/ar050073t","article-title":"The Aggregation and Fibrillation of \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"39","author":"Fink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14808","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Oligomers and Fibrils: A Spectrum of Species, a Spectrum of Toxicities","volume":"150","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00990-x","article-title":"Towards an Improved Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Emerging Role of in Vitro Conversion Assays for Protein Amyloids","volume":"8","author":"Candelise","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25446","article-title":"Seeding Variability of Different Alpha Synuclein Strains in Synucleinopathies","volume":"85","author":"Candelise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27646","article-title":"Comparative Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid \u03b1-Synuclein Seeding Aggregation Assays for Diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00109-6","article-title":"Assessment of Heterogeneity among Participants in the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative Cohort Using \u03b1-Synuclein Seed Amplification: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"22","author":"Siderowf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30449-X","article-title":"Detection of \u03b1-Synuclein in CSF by RT-QuIC in Patients with Isolated Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder: A Longitudinal Observational Study","volume":"20","author":"Iranzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab005","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Seeds in Olfactory Mucosa of Patients with Isolated REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder","volume":"144","author":"Stefani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e930","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012438","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of the CSF \u03b1-Synuclein Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Assay at the Prodromal MCI Stage of Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"97","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01175-w","article-title":"Streamlined Alpha-Synuclein RT-QuIC Assay for Various Biospecimens in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"9","author":"Bargar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0164-x","article-title":"Efficient RT-QuIC Seeding Activity for \u03b1-Synuclein in Olfactory Mucosa Samples of Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"8","author":"Elia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28651","article-title":"RT-QuIC Detection of Pathological \u03b1-Synuclein in Skin Punches of Patients with Lewy Body Disease","volume":"36","author":"Mammana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.1","article-title":"Amplification of Distinct \u03b1-Synuclein Fibril Conformers through Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification","volume":"49","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1997.1348","article-title":"Common Core Structure of Amyloid Fibrils by Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction","volume":"273","author":"Sunde","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00199A","article-title":"Half a Century of Amyloids: Past, Present and Future","volume":"49","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11406","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1230-17.2017","article-title":"Pathological Tau Strains from Human Brains Recapitulate the Diversity of Tauopathies in Nontransgenic Mouse Brain","volume":"37","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02201-2","article-title":"The Existence of A\u03b2 Strains and Their Potential for Driving Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"142","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0804-5","article-title":"Silver Staining (Campbell-Switzer) of Neuronal \u03b1-Synuclein Assemblies Induced by Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Brain Extracts in Transgenic Mice","volume":"7","author":"Lavenir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76565-6","article-title":"The Secondary Structural Difference between Lewy Body and Glial Cytoplasmic Inclusion in Autopsy Brain with Synchrotron FTIR Micro-Spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Araki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2317-6","article-title":"Structures of \u03b1-Synuclein Filaments from Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"585","author":"Schweighauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1984-7","article-title":"Discriminating \u03b1-Synuclein Strains in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"578","author":"Shahnawaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34552-7","article-title":"The 3D Structure of Lipidic Fibrils of \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"13","author":"Frieg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2022.11.013","article-title":"Conformational Change of \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrils in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Different Clinical Phases of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"31","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burger, D., Fenyi, A., Bousset, L., Stahlberg, H., and Melki, R. (2021). Cryo-EM Structure of Alpha-Synuclein Fibrils Amplified by PMCA from PD and MSA Patient Brains. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.08.451588"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5308","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514475112","article-title":"Evidence for \u03b1-Synuclein Prions Causing Multiple System Atrophy in Humans with Parkinsonism","volume":"112","author":"Prusiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-01959-4","article-title":"Multiple System Atrophy Prions Retain Strain Specificity after Serial Propagation in Two Different Tg(SNCA*A53T) Mouse Lines","volume":"137","author":"Woerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0104-4","article-title":"Cellular Milieu Imparts Distinct Pathological \u03b1-Synuclein Strains in \u03b1-Synucleinopathies","volume":"557","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6652","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.012179","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Filaments from Transgenic Mouse and Human Synucleinopathy-Containing Brains Are Major Seed-Competent Species","volume":"295","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01287-8","article-title":"A Mouse Model of Multiple System Atrophy: Bench to Bedside","volume":"20","author":"Stefanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab374","article-title":"Brain Injections of Glial Cytoplasmic Inclusions Induce a Multiple System Atrophy-like Pathology","volume":"145","author":"Teil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02157-3","article-title":"The Structural Differences between Patient-Derived \u03b1-Synuclein Strains Dictate Characteristics of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy and Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"139","author":"Gelders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01288-2","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein from Patient Lewy Bodies Exhibits Distinct Pathological Activity That Can Be Propagated In Vitro","volume":"9","author":"Marotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uemura, N., Marotta, N., Ara, J., Zhang, B., Kameda, H., Koike, M., Luk, K., Trojanowski, J., and Lee, V. (Res. Sq., 2023). Distinct Biological Activity of Lewy Body \u03b1-Synuclein Strain in Mice, Res. Sq., Preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2579805\/v1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02163-5","article-title":"Evidence of Distinct \u03b1-Synuclein Strains Underlying Disease Heterogeneity","volume":"142","author":"Holec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14547","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Strains Cause Distinct Synucleinopathies after Local and Systemic Administration","volume":"522","author":"Peelaerts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00242-5","article-title":"Differential Seeding and Propagating Efficiency of \u03b1-Synuclein Strains Generated in Different Conditions","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56825","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56825","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Strains That Cause Distinct Pathologies Differentially Inhibit Proteasome","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0859-3","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Conformational Strains Spread, Seed and Target Neuronal Cells Differentially after Injection into the Olfactory Bulb","volume":"7","author":"Rey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0541-x","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Strains Target Distinct Brain Regions and Cell Types","volume":"23","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9220","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2617-07.2007","article-title":"Different Species of \u03b1-Synuclein Oligomers Induce Calcium Influx and Seeding","volume":"27","author":"Danzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24066","article-title":"Lewy Body Extracts from Parkinson Disease Brains Trigger \u03b1-Synuclein Pathology and Neurodegeneration in Mice and Monkeys","volume":"75","author":"Recasens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz9165","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz9165","article-title":"Identification of Distinct. Pathological Signatures Induced by Patient-Derived \u03b1-Synuclein Structures in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"6","author":"Bourdenx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105229","article-title":"PET Imaging Reveals Early and Progressive Dopaminergic Deficits after Intra-Striatal Injection of Preformed Alpha-Synuclein Fibrils in Rats","volume":"149","author":"Thomsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227157","article-title":"Pathological \u03b1-Synuclein Transmission Initiates Parkinson-like Neurodegeneration in Nontransgenic Mice","volume":"338","author":"Luk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3575","article-title":"Structural and Functional Characterization of Two Alpha-Synuclein Strains","volume":"4","author":"Bousset","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murazabal, T.T., Van der Perren, A., Coens, A., Janer, A.B., Camacho-Garcia, S., Stefanova, N., Melki, R., Baekelandt, V., and Peelaerts, W. (2020). \u03b1-Synuclein Strains Influence Multiple System Atrophy via Central and Peripheral Mechanisms. bioRxiv, Preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.16.342089"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106086","article-title":"Functional and Neuropathological Changes Induced by Injection of Distinct Alpha-Synuclein Strains: A Pilot Study in Non-Human Primates","volume":"180","author":"Fayard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2012435118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012435118","article-title":"Wild-Type \u03b1-Synuclein Inherits the Structure and Exacerbated Neuropathology of E46K Mutant Fibril Strain by Cross-Seeding","volume":"118","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10795","article-title":"The New Mutation, E46K, of \u03b1-Synuclein Causes Parkinson and Lewy Body Dementia","volume":"55","author":"Zarranz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61757-x","article-title":"The Expression Level of Alpha-Synuclein in Different Neuronal Populations Is the Primary Determinant of Its Prion-like Seeding","volume":"10","author":"Courte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23682-z","article-title":"Phenotypic Manifestation of \u03b1-Synuclein Strains Derived from Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy in Human Dopaminergic Neurons","volume":"12","author":"Tanudjojo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17103-1","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Locus Duplication as a Cause of Familial Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"364","author":"Kachergus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090278","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Locus Triplication Causes Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"302","author":"Singleton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17104-3","article-title":"Causal Relation between \u03b1-Synuclein Locus Duplication as a Cause of Familial Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"364","author":"Bonnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.01.001","article-title":"Gene Dosage and Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Eriksen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15674","article-title":"Molecular Events Underlying the Cell-to-Cell Transmission of \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"288","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.01.017","article-title":"Assembly-Dependent Endocytosis and Clearance of Extracellular Alpha-Synuclein","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00144","article-title":"Microglial Phagocytosis and Its Regulation: A Therapeutic Target in Parkinson\u2019s Disease?","volume":"11","author":"Janda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2011196118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011196118","article-title":"Mechanistic Basis for Receptor-Mediated Pathological \u03b1-Synuclein Fibril Cell-to-Cell Transmission in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.03.012","article-title":"Cell-to-Cell Transmission of Tau and \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"26","author":"Uemura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aah3374","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah3374","article-title":"Pathological \u03b1-Synuclein Transmission Initiated by Binding Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3","volume":"353","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656426","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.656426","article-title":"Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 (Lag3) Contributes to \u03b1-Synucleinopathy in \u03b1-Synuclein Transgenic Mice","volume":"15","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14745","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202114745","article-title":"LAG3 Is Not Expressed in Human and Murine Neurons and Does Not Modulate A-synucleinopathies","volume":"13","author":"Emmenegger","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3138","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301440110","article-title":"Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Mediate Internalization and Propagation of Specific Proteopathic Seeds","volume":"110","author":"Holmes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53038-z","article-title":"Contribution of Syndecans to Cellular Uptake and Fibrillation of \u03b1-Synuclein and Tau","volume":"9","author":"Kusz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"89","article-title":"The Role of Syndecan-2 in Amyloid Plaque Formation","volume":"49","author":"Leonova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biology. Maik Nauka"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37476-9","article-title":"Contribution of Syndecans to Cellular Internalization and Fibrillation of Amyloid-\u03b2(1\u201342)","volume":"9","author":"Letoha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10826","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.000378","article-title":"Specific Glycosaminoglycan Chain Length and Sulfation Patterns Are Required for Cell Uptake of Tau versus \u03b1-Synuclein and \u03b2-Amyloid Aggregates","volume":"293","author":"Stopschinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201591397","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Assemblies Sequester Neuronal A3-Na+\/K+-ATPase and Impair Na+ Gradient","volume":"34","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1648-8","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 2 Is Increased in Neurons in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Brain and May Contribute to Alpha-Synuclein Pathology","volume":"133","author":"Dzamko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Triptolide Inhibits Preformed Fibril-Induced Microglial Activation by Targeting the MicroRNA155-5p\/SHIP1 Pathway","volume":"2019","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab122","article-title":"Reactive Microglia Enhance the Transmission of Exosomal \u03b1-Synuclein via Toll-like Receptor 2","volume":"144","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.01.022","article-title":"Differential Membrane Binding and Seeding of Distinct \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrillar Polymorphs","volume":"118","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167930","article-title":"The Hidden Cell-to-Cell Trail of \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregates","volume":"435","author":"Neupane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061076","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1061076","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Raghav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105947","article-title":"Oligomeric \u03b1-Synuclein and Tau Aggregates in NDEVs Differentiate Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Atypical Parkinsonisms","volume":"176","author":"Meloni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00072","article-title":"Protein-Protein Interactions in Alpha-Synuclein Biogenesis: New Potential Targets in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Hernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16564-3","article-title":"Extent of N-Terminus Exposure of Monomeric Alpha-Synuclein Determines Its Aggregation Propensity","volume":"11","author":"Stephens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100737","article-title":"The Differential Solvent Exposure of N-Terminal Residues Provides \u201cFingerprints\u201d of Alpha-Synuclein Fibrillar Polymorphs","volume":"296","author":"Landureau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109099","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Mutation Impairs Processing of Endomembrane Compartments and Promotes Exocytosis and Seeding of \u03b1-Synuclein Pathology","volume":"35","author":"Stykel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02624-x","article-title":"Selectivity of Lewy Body Protein Interactions along the Aggregation Pathway of \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"4","author":"Chappard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, N., Raveendran, A., and Nagotu, S. (2020). Chaperones and Proteostasis: Role in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Diseases, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases8020024"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010316200","article-title":"A-Synuclein Is Phosphorylated by Members of the Src Family of Protein-Tyrosine Kinases *","volume":"276","author":"Ellis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9227","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0341-06.2006","article-title":"The Role of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Arawaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt674","article-title":"C-Abl Phosphorylates \u03b1-Synuclein and Regulates Its Degradation: Implication for \u03b1-Synuclein Clearance and Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"23","author":"Fauvet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1808-9","article-title":"Regulation of \u03b1-Synuclein by Chaperones in Mammalian Cells","volume":"577","author":"Burmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.03.003","article-title":"A Current View on Tau Protein Phosphorylation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"69","author":"Wegmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.4.389","article-title":"Colocalization of Tau and Alpha-Synuclein Epitopes in Lewy Bodies","volume":"62","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0172-x","article-title":"Beyond the Synucleinopathies: Alpha Synuclein as a Driving Force in Neurodegenerative Comorbidities","volume":"8","author":"Visanji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7604","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0297-11.2011","article-title":"Induction of Intracellular Tau Aggregation Is Promoted by \u03b1-Synuclein Seeds and Provides Novel Insights into the Hyperphosphorylation of Tau","volume":"31","author":"Waxman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.057","article-title":"Distinct \u03b1-Synuclein Strains Differentially Promote Tau Inclusions in Neurons","volume":"154","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac171","article-title":"Tau Accelerates \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregation and Spreading in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"145","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitao, A., Bhumkar, A., Hunter, D.J.B., Gambin, Y., and Sierecki, E. (2018). Unveiling a Selective Mechanism for the Inhibition of \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregation by \u03b2-Synuclein. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020334"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666585","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.666585","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein: An All-Inclusive Trip Around Its Structure, Influencing Factors and Applied Techniques","volume":"9","author":"Bisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070201","article-title":"P25\u03b1 Relocalizes in Oligodendroglia from Myelin to Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"171","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02316-0","article-title":"Multiple System Atrophy-Associated Oligodendroglial Protein P25\u03b1 Stimulates Formation of Novel \u03b1-Synuclein Strain with Enhanced Neurodegenerative Potential","volume":"142","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04365.x","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease The Dual Hit Theory Revisited","volume":"1170","author":"Hawkes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0257-5","article-title":"Inoculation of \u03b1-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils into the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract Induces Lewy Body-like Aggregates in the Brainstem via the Vagus Nerve","volume":"13","author":"Uemura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24501","article-title":"Protective Effect of Vagotomy Suggests Source Organ for Parkinson Disease","volume":"78","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26311","article-title":"Appendectomy May Delay Parkinson\u2019s Disease Onset","volume":"30","author":"Mendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01354-9","article-title":"Lack of Association between Appendectomy and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003969","article-title":"Preventing Parkinson Disease by Vagotomy Fact or Fiction?","volume":"88","author":"Borghammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0589-7","article-title":"Gut-Seeded \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrils Promote Gut Dysfunction and Brain Pathology Specifically in Aged Mice","volume":"23","author":"Challis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02040-w","article-title":"Evidence for Bidirectional and Trans-Synaptic Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Propagation of Alpha-Synuclein in Rats","volume":"138","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614587","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.614587","article-title":"Absence of Uptake and Prion-Like Spreading of Alpha-Synuclein and Tau after Intravitreal Injection of Preformed Fibrils","volume":"12","author":"Veys","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101166","article-title":"Propagation of Pathological \u03b1-Synuclein from the Urogenital Tract to the Brain Initiates MSA-like Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907293","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.907293","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Strain Variability in Body-First and Brain-First Synucleinopathies","volume":"14","author":"Just","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7494","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b02916","article-title":"Mapping Surface Hydrophobicity of \u03b1-Synuclein Oligomers at the Nanoscale","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00727-x","article-title":"Novel Antibodies Detect Additional \u03b1-Synuclein Pathology in Synucleinopathies: Potential Development for Immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Nimmo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105086","article-title":"How Specific Are the Conformation-Specific \u03b1-Synuclein Antibodies? Characterization and Validation of 16 \u03b1-Synuclein Conformation-Specific Antibodies Using Well-Characterized Preparations of \u03b1-Synuclein Monomers, Fibrils and Oligomers with Distinct Structures and Morphology","volume":"146","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02160-8","article-title":"Ultrasensitive RT-QuIC Assay with High Sensitivity and Specificity for Lewy Body-Associated Synucleinopathies","volume":"140","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50897","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein RT-QuIC Assay in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"6","author":"Bongianni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imai, Y. (2021). Experimental Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1495-2"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2018.1517736","article-title":"Polymorph-Specific Distribution of Binding Sites Determines Thioflavin-T Fluorescence Intensity in \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrils","volume":"25","author":"Sidhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13564-w","article-title":"Structural Heterogeneity of \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrils Amplified from Patient Brain Extracts","volume":"10","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12592","article-title":"Invited Review: The Role of Prion-like Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"46","author":"Jaunmuktane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppe, S., Uzuno\u011flu, G., and Nussbaum-Krammer, C. (2021). \u03b1-Synuclein Strains: Does Amyloid Conformation Explain the Heterogeneity of Synucleinopathies?. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11070931"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559791","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.559791","article-title":"In Search of Effective Treatments Targeting \u03b1-Synuclein Toxicity in Synucleinopathies: Pros and Cons","volume":"8","author":"Fouka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:21:49Z","timestamp":1760127709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241512134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241512134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}}}