{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T21:39:38Z","timestamp":1788730778376,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":439,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phytoestrogens (PEs) are estrogen-like nonsteroidal compounds derived from plants (e.g., nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables) and fungi that are structurally similar to 17\u03b2-estradiol. PEs bind to all types of estrogen receptors, including ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2 receptors, nuclear receptors, and a membrane-bound estrogen receptor known as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). As endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with pro- or antiestrogenic properties, PEs can potentially disrupt the hormonal regulation of homeostasis, resulting in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. However, a lack of PEs in the diet does not result in the development of deficiency symptoms. To properly assess the benefits and risks associated with the use of a PE-rich diet, it is necessary to distinguish between endocrine disruption (endocrine-mediated adverse effects) and nonspecific effects on the endocrine system. Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease of unknown etiopathogenesis, in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside of the uterus with subsequent complications being manifested as a result of local inflammatory reactions. Endometriosis affects 10\u201315% of women of reproductive age and is associated with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility. In this review, the endocrine-disruptive actions of PEs are reviewed in the context of endometriosis to determine whether a PE-rich diet has a positive or negative effect on the risk and course of endometriosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:26:40Z","timestamp":1690766800000},"page":"12195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Insight into the Potential Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption by Dietary Phytoestrogens in the Context of the Etiopathogenesis of Endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0124-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Szukiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13347","article-title":"Beyond cytokines: Influences of the endocrine system on human immune homeostasis","volume":"163","author":"Milling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.05.015","article-title":"Neuroendocrine-immune interaction: Evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that maintain allostasis in an ever-changing environment","volume":"66","author":"Kemenade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. 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