{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:43:03Z","timestamp":1791945783315,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"A Key Project of Health","award":["XXX00X000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XXX00X000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reproductive system has been increasingly implicated as a sensitive target of microwave radiation. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in microwave radiation -induced reproductive damage, though precise mechanisms are obscure. Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has emerged as an efficient antioxidant against a variety of oxidative injuries. In the present study, we hypothesized that metformin can function as an antioxidant and protect the reproductive system from microwave radiation. To test this hypothesis, rats were exposed to 2.856 GHz microwave radiation for 6 weeks to simulate real-life exposure to high-frequency microwave radiation. Our results showed that exposure to 2.856 GHz microwave radiation elicited serum hormone disorder, decreased sperm motility, and depleted sperm energy, and it induced abnormalities of testicular structure as well as mitochondrial impairment. Metformin was found to effectively protect the reproductive system against structural and functional impairments caused by microwave radiation. In particular, metformin can ameliorate microwave-radiation-induced oxidative injury and mitigate apoptosis in the testis, as determined by glutathione\/-oxidized glutathione (GSH\/GSSG), lipid peroxidation, and protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). These findings demonstrated that exposure to 2.856 GHz microwave radiation induces obvious structural and functional impairments of the male reproductive system, and suggested that metformin can function as a promising antioxidant to inhibit microwave-radiation-induced harmful effects by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1690795358000},"page":"12250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Metformin Ameliorates 2.856 GHz Microwave- Radiation-Induced Reproductive Impairments in Male Rats via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Junqi","family":"Men","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China"},{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binwei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7315-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiabin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250070103","article-title":"Possible effects of electric blankets and heated waterbeds on fetal development","volume":"7","author":"Wertheimer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0431-1","article-title":"Radiations and male fertility","volume":"16","author":"Kesari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. 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