{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:35:57Z","timestamp":1792553757180,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have suggested that a phenolic-rich diet may be protective against colon cancer. Most phenolic compounds are not absorbed in the small intestine and reach the colon where they are metabolized by gut microbiota in simple phenolic acids. In this study, the anti-proliferative activity of quercetins, chlorogenic acids, their colon metabolites and mixtures of parent compounds\/metabolites was assessed by using two colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and SW480) at physiologically relevant concentrations. Chlorogenic acids, quercetin and the metabolite 3-(3\u2032,4\u2032-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid exerted remarkable anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2, whereas quercetin derivatives and metabolites were the most active against SW480. Tested compounds arrested the cell cycle at the S phase in both the cell lines. The mixtures of parent compounds\/metabolites, which mimic the colon human metabotypes that slowly or rapidly metabolize the parent compounds, similarly inhibited cell growth. SW480 cells metabolized parent phenolic compounds more rapidly and extensively than Caco-2, whereas colon metabolites were more stable. These results suggest that dietary phenolic compounds exert an anti-proliferative effect against human colon cancer cells that can be further sustained by the colon metabolites. Therefore, gut microbiota metabolism of phenolic compounds may be of paramount importance in explaining the protective effect of phenolic-rich foods against colon cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T10:08:14Z","timestamp":1690798094000},"page":"12265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Quercetins, Chlorogenic Acids and Their Colon Metabolites Inhibit Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation at Physiologically Relevant Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6841-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Cattivelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2-Pad. Besta, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3348-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2-Pad. Besta, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Tagliazucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2-Pad. Besta, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10332","article-title":"Environmental and heritable causes of cancer among 9.6 million individuals in the Swedish Family-Cancer Database","volume":"99","author":"Czene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.057","article-title":"Primary prevention of colorectal cancer","volume":"138","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690663","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.690663","article-title":"Dietary Risk-Related Colorectal Cancer Burden: Estimates from 1990 to 2019","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.04.028","article-title":"A Prospective Diet-Wide Association Study for Risk of Colorectal Cancer in EPIC","volume":"20","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawicki, T., Ruszkowska, M., Danielewicz, A., Nied\u017awiedzka, E., Ar\u0142ukowicz, T., and Przyby\u0142owicz, K.E. (2021). A review of colorectal cancer in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, development, symptoms and diagnosis. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092025"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thanikachalam, K., and Khan, G. (2019). Colorectal cancer and nutrition. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010164"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amintas, S., Dupin, C., Boutin, J., Beaumont, P., Moreau-Gaudry, F., Bedel, A., Krisa, S., Vendrely, V., and Dabernat, S. (2022). Bioactive food components for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment: A good match. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., in press.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2036095"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31198","article-title":"Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer","volume":"142","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.06.008","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and colorectal cancer: A systematic review","volume":"43\u201344","author":"Farinetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finicelli, M., Di Salle, A., Galderisi, U., and Peluso, G. (2022). The Mediterranean Diet: An Update of the Clinical Trials. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142956"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924192","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.924192","article-title":"Chemoprevention effect of the Mediterranean diet on colorectal cancer: Current studies and future prospects","volume":"9","author":"Mahmod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02346-6","article-title":"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on adherence to mediterranean diet and risk of cancer","volume":"60","author":"Morze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0408-6","article-title":"Dietary intake of total polyphenol and polyphenol classes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort","volume":"33","author":"Cayssials","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, H., Lei, L., Zhou, Y., Ye, F., and Zhao, G. (2018). Dietary flavonoids and the risk of colorectal cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070950"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NP00030H","article-title":"Chlorogenic acids and the acyl-quinic acids: Discovery, biosynthesis, bioavailability and bioactivity","volume":"34","author":"Clifford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01987-6","article-title":"Factors affecting intake, metabolism and health benefits of phenolic acids: Do we understand individual variability?","volume":"59","author":"Koistinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2017.06.001","article-title":"Association between polyphenol intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Sicily, southern Italy","volume":"8","author":"Godos","year":"2017","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Ruiz, Z., Toledo, E., Vitelli-Storelli, F., Goni, L., de la O, V., Bes-Rastrollo, M., and Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.\u00c1. (2022). Effect of Dietary Phenolic Compounds on Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the SUN Project; 10 Years of Follow-Up. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040783"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128298","article-title":"Domestic cooking methods affect the stability and bioaccessibility of dark purple eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolic compounds","volume":"341","author":"Martini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.03.030","article-title":"Phenolic compounds profile and antioxidant properties of six sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cultivars","volume":"97","author":"Martini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4581","article-title":"Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: Structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases","volume":"18","author":"Spencer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiox. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattivelli, A., Conte, A., Martini, S., and Tagliazucchi, D. (2021). Influence of cooking methods on onion phenolic compounds bioaccessibility. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10051023"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10010","article-title":"Hydroxycinnamic acids and human health: Recent advances","volume":"100","author":"Coman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhang, T., and Chen, G.Y. (2018). Flavonoids and colorectal cancer prevention. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7120187"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109337","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of syringic acid on colorectal cancer: Possible mechanistic view","volume":"337","author":"Mihanfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.07.055","article-title":"Metabolic pathways of the colonic metabolism of flavonoids (flavonols, flavones and flavanones) and phenolic acids","volume":"130","author":"Serra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00085K","article-title":"Impact of cooking methods of red-skinned onion on in vitro colon metabolic transformation of phenolic compounds and gut microbiota changes","volume":"14","author":"Cattivelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.02.033","article-title":"Bioaccessibility of (poly)phenolic compounds of raw and cooked cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation by human colonic microbiota","volume":"32","author":"Ludwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111702","article-title":"Roasting and frying modulate the phenolic profile of dark purple eggplant and differently change the colon microbiota and phenolic metabolites after in vitro digestion and fermentation in a gut model","volume":"160","author":"Nissen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12342","article-title":"Bioavailability of Quercetin in Humans with a Focus on Interindividual Variation","volume":"17","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900952","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900952","article-title":"Where to Look into the Puzzle of Polyphenols and Health? The Postbiotics and Gut Microbiota Associated with Human Metabotypes","volume":"64","author":"Selma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10324","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02033A","article-title":"Main drivers of (poly)phenol effects on human health: Metabolite production and\/or gut microbiota-associated metabotypes?","volume":"12","author":"Selma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130620","article-title":"In vivo study of the bioavailability and metabolic profile of (poly)phenols after sous-vide artichoke consumption","volume":"367","author":"Ludwig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c05481","article-title":"Systematic Review of Phenolic Compounds in Apple Fruits: Compositions, Distribution, Absorption, Metabolism, and Processing Stability","volume":"69","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.50","article-title":"Advance on the absorption, metabolism, and efficacy exertion of quercetin and its important derivatives","volume":"1","author":"Hai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.08.003","article-title":"Absorption and metabolism of yerba mate phenolic compounds in humans","volume":"240","author":"Sarria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13006","article-title":"A look beyond dietary (poly)phenols: The low molecular weight phenolic metabolites and their concentrations in human circulation","volume":"21","author":"Carregosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pede, G., Bresciani, L., Calani, L., Petrangolini, G., Riva, A., Allegrini, P., Del Rio, D., and Mena, P. (2020). The human microbial metabolism of quercetin in different formulations: An in vitro evaluation. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9081121"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.09.006","article-title":"Catabolism of raw and cooked green pepper (Capsicum annuum) (poly)phenolic compounds after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and faecal fermentation","volume":"27","author":"Ludwig","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.031","article-title":"In vitro catabolism of rutin by human fecal bacteria and the antioxidant capacity of its catabolites","volume":"47","author":"Jaganath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0108056","article-title":"Quercetin derivatives are deconjugated and converted to hydroxyphenylacetic acids but not methylated by human fecal flora in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Aura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2006.07.084","article-title":"Microbial metabolism of caffeic acid and its esters chlorogenic and caftaric acids by human faecal microbiota in vitro","volume":"60","author":"Gonthier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1124","article-title":"Catabolism of coffee chlorogenic acids by human colonic microbiota","volume":"39","author":"Ludwig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003948","article-title":"In vitro colonic metabolism of coffee and chlorogenic acid results in selective changes in human faecal microbiota growth","volume":"113","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.10.2343","article-title":"Human fecal water inhibits COX-2 in colonic HT-29 cells: Role of phenolic compounds","volume":"135","author":"Karlsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.020","article-title":"Human fecal water content of phenolics: The extent of colonic exposure to aromatic compounds","volume":"38","author":"Jenner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2702","article-title":"Identification and quantitation of phenolic compounds in faecal matrix by capillary gas chromatography and nano-electrospray mass spectrometry","volume":"20","author":"Knust","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10389","DOI":"10.1021\/jf1017143","article-title":"Profiling of phenols in human fecal water after raspberry supplementation","volume":"58","author":"Gill","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekbatan, S.S., Li, X.Q., Ghorbani, M., Azadi, B., and Kubow, S. (2018). Chlorogenic acid and its microbial metabolites exert anti-proliferative effects, S-phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer caco-2 cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030723"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327914nc5602_9","article-title":"Bread enriched with green coffee extract has chemoprotective and antigenotoxic activities in human cells","volume":"56","author":"Glei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1000468","article-title":"Anticancer properties of phenolic acids in colon cancer\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Rosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.52","article-title":"Of the major phenolic acids formed during human microbial fermentation of tea, citrus, and soy flavonoid supplements, only 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has antiproliferative activity","volume":"136","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.22.749","article-title":"Metabolism of quercitrin by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to some biological activities","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.07.007","article-title":"Modulatory effects of quercetin on proliferation and differentiation of the human colorectal cell line Caco-2","volume":"238","author":"Dihal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neamtu, A.A., Maghiar, T.A., Alaya, A., Olah, N.K., Turcus, V., Pelea, D., Totolici, B.D., Neamtu, C., Maghiar, A.M., and Mathe, E. (2022). A Comprehensive View on the Quercetin Impact on Colorectal Cancer. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061873"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26595","article-title":"Quercetin: A functional dietary flavonoid with potential chemo-preventive properties in colorectal cancer","volume":"233","author":"Darband","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, L.S., Jord\u00e3o, N.A., da Costa Pereira Soares, N., deMesquita, J.F., Monteiro, M., and Teodoro, A.J. (2018). Pharmacokinetic, Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Phenolic Acids in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102569"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10782","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00379","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the absorption of aglycone and glycosidic flavonoids in a Caco-2 BBe1 cell model","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520615666151002110424","article-title":"Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Apoptosis Studies of Quercetin-3-O Glucoside and 4-(\u03b2-D-Glucopyranosyl-1\u21924-\u03b1-L-Rhamnopyranosyloxy)-Benzyl Isothiocyanate from Moringa oleifera","volume":"16","author":"Maiyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108797","article-title":"Experimental confounding factors affecting stability, transport, and metabolism of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids in Caco-2 cells","volume":"129","author":"Sarria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b00522","article-title":"Antiproliferative Activity and Cell Metabolism of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines","volume":"67","author":"Martini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1021\/jf035407c","article-title":"Transepithelial transport of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and their colonic metabolites in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"52","author":"Konishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048662l","article-title":"Transepithelial transport of microbial metabolites of quercetin in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"53","author":"Konishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(91)90198-O","article-title":"A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry","volume":"139","author":"Nicoletti","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.03.019","article-title":"Urolithins at physiological concentrations affect the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factor in cultured cardiac cells in hyperglucidic conditions","volume":"15","author":"Sala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109528","article-title":"Influence of linseed and antioxidant-rich diets in pig nutrition on lipid oxidation during cooking and in vitro digestion of pork","volume":"137","author":"Martini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:23:22Z","timestamp":1760127802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/15\/12265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241512265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241512265","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]}}}