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We investigated the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the lateral pterygoid muscles (LPMs) and the trigeminal system related to PD-induced orofacial manifestations. A PD rat model was produced by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle. Abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia) and nociceptive responses were determined. We analyzed the immunodetection of Fos-B and microglia\/astrocytes in trigeminal and facial nuclei and morphological markers in the LPMs. Hyperalgesia response was increased in hemiparkinsonian and dyskinetic rats. Hemiparkinsonism increased slow skeletal myosin fibers in the LPMs, while in the dyskinetic ones, these fibers decreased in the contralateral side of the lesion. Bilateral increased glycolytic metabolism and an inflammatory muscle profile were detected in dyskinetic rats. There was increased Fos-B expression in the spinal nucleus of lesioned rats and in the motor and facial nucleus in L-DOPA-induced dyskinetic rats in the contralateral side of the lesion. Glial cells were increased in the facial nucleus on the contralateral side of the lesion. Overall, spinal trigeminal nucleus activation may be associated with orofacial sensorial impairment in Parkinsonian rats, while a fatigue profile on LPMs is suggested in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia when the motor and facial nucleus are activated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1690797615000},"page":"12270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Brainstem Modulates Parkinsonism-Induced Orofacial Sensorimotor Dysfunctions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Glauce Crivelaro","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-904, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Integral Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Centre (CIBO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna Araujo","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabrielli","family":"Leal-Luiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno Lima","family":"Malzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9617-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airam Nicole","family":"Vivanco-Estela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Escobar-Espinal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9945-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Jos\u00e9","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integral Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Centre (CIBO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Del-Bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-904, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00030.2015","article-title":"ASICs Mediate Pain and Inflammation in Musculoskeletal Diseases","volume":"30","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.012","article-title":"Role of GABA(A) receptors in the retrorubral field and ventral pallidum in rat jaw movementselicited by dopaminergic stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell","volume":"510","author":"Uchida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. 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