{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T14:52:51Z","timestamp":1774968771501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"ICMR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70\/1\/2019-BMS\/MIF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70\/1\/2019-BMS\/MIF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Galectin-9 induces HIV reactivation and also contributes to non-AIDS events through inflammaging. Hence, it is important to assess its levels in HIV-infected individuals to determine their association with HIV viremia and other comorbidities. Methods: Plasma galectin-9 levels were estimated in viremic (n = 152) and aviremic (n = 395) individuals on first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). They were assessed for correlation with HIV-1 viral load (VL), CD4 count, and ART duration, as well as for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Result: Plasma galectin-9 levels correlated positively with VL (r = 0.507, p &lt; 0.0001) and ART duration (r = 0.308, p = 0.002) and negatively with CD4 count (r = \u22120.186, p &lt; 0.0001). Area under the curve for galectin-9\/CD4 count ratio for identifying viremic individuals was 0.906. Sensitivity and specificity of the ratio at a cutoff of 14.47 were 90.13% and 70.05%, respectively, for detecting viremic individuals. Further, galectin-9 levels correlated with cystatin C (r = 0.239, p = 0.0183), IL-18 (r = 0.311, p = 0.006), and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.220, p = 0.0355). Galectin-9-induced HIV reactivation was significantly lower in individuals on long-term ART than those on short-term ART. Conclusion: The galectin-9-to-CD4 count ratio indicated the potential of galectin-9 as a cheaper monitoring tool to detect HIV viremia. Strategies for countering the effects of galectin-9 for controlling HIV viremia and non-AIDS events are urgently warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:06:44Z","timestamp":1690880804000},"page":"12273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antiretroviral Treatment-Induced Galectin-9 Might Impact HIV Viremia in Addition to Contributing to Inflammaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0791-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwini","family":"Shete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaishnav","family":"Wagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1702-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyoti","family":"Sawant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallavi","family":"Shidhaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suvarna","family":"Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smita","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Ghate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gooden, M.J.M., Wiersma, V.R., Samplonius, D.F., Gerssen, J., van Ginkel, R.J., Nijman, H.W., Hirashima, M., Niki, T., Eggleton, P., and Helfrich, W. 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