{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:44:15Z","timestamp":1791567855936,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), The Molecular Therapeutics Programme Industry Alignment Fund\u2014Pre-positioning (IAF-PP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H17\/01\/a0\/012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H17\/01\/a0\/012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), The Molecular Therapeutics Programme Industry Alignment Fund\u2014Pre-positioning (IAF-PP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001232-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001232-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council (Singapore) Clinician Scientist -Individual Research Grant (CS-IRG) Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H17\/01\/a0\/012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H17\/01\/a0\/012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council (Singapore) Clinician Scientist -Individual Research Grant (CS-IRG) Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001232-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001232-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corneal endothelial dysfunction is one of the leading causes of corneal blindness, and the current conventional treatment option is corneal transplantation using a cadaveric donor cornea. However, there is a global shortage of suitable donor graft material, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. A stem cell-based regenerative medicine approach using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a promising solution, as they possess self-renewal capabilities, can be derived from adult somatic cells, and can be differentiated into all cell types including corneal endothelial cells (CECs). This review discusses the progress and challenges in developing protocols to induce iPSCs into CECs, focusing on the different media formulations used to differentiate iPSCs to neural crest cells (NCCs) and subsequently to CECs, as well as the characterization methods and markers that define iPSC-derived CECs. The hurdles and solutions for the clinical application of iPSC-derived cell therapy are also addressed, including the establishment of protocols that adhere to good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines. The potential risks of genetic mutations in iPSC-derived CECs associated with long-term in vitro culture and the danger of potential tumorigenicity following transplantation are evaluated. In all, this review provides insights into the advancement and obstacles of using iPSC in the treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:27:48Z","timestamp":1691141268000},"page":"12433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Corneal Endothelial-like Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cell Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xiao Yu","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary S. L.","family":"Peh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary Hin-Fai","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Corneal Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 6614, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwee Goon","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Vision Research, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodhbir S.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Vision Research, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ong, H.S., Peh, G., Neo, D.J.H., Ang, H.P., Adnan, K., Nyein, C.L., Morales-Wong, F., Bhogal, M., Kocaba, V., and Mehta, J.S. 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