{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:05:17Z","timestamp":1780344317154,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007393","name":"French Muscular Dystrophy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007393","name":"French Muscular Dystrophy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017RSAFK7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017RSAFK7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Research and University","award":["23217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23217"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Research and University","award":["2017RSAFK7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017RSAFK7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene characterized by myofiber fragility and progressive muscle degeneration. The genetic defect results in a reduced number of self-renewing muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and an impairment of their activation and differentiation, which lead to the exhaustion of skeletal muscle regeneration potential and muscle replacement by fibrotic and fatty tissue. In this study, we focused on an unexplored strategy to improve MuSC function and to preserve their niche based on the regenerative properties of mesenchymal stromal cells from the amniotic membrane (hAMSCs), that are multipotent cells recognized to have a role in tissue repair in different disease models. We demonstrate that the hAMSC secretome (CM hAMSC) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated thereof directly stimulate the in vitro proliferation and differentiation of human myoblasts and mouse MuSC from dystrophic muscles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hAMSC secreted factors modulate the muscle stem cell niche in dystrophic\u2013mdx-mice. Interestingly, local injection of EV hAMSC in mdx muscles correlated with an increase in the number of activated Pax7+\/Ki67+ MuSCs and in new fiber formation. EV hAMSCs also significantly reduced muscle collagen deposition, thus counteracting fibrosis and MuSCs exhaustion, two hallmarks of DMD. Herein for the first time we demonstrate that CM hAMSC and EVs derived thereof promote muscle regeneration by supporting proliferation and differentiation of resident muscle stem cells. These results pave the way for the development of a novel treatment to counteract DMD progression by reducing fibrosis and enhancing myogenesis in dystrophic muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:21:39Z","timestamp":1691230899000},"page":"12457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Amniotic Membrane-Derived Stromal Cells Release Extracellular Vesicles That Favor Regeneration of Dystrophic Skeletal Muscles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Sandon\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Division DAHFMO, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Cargnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Ricerca \u201cE. Menni\u201d, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta","family":"Silini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Ricerca \u201cE. Menni\u201d, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Romele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Ricerca \u201cE. Menni\u201d, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5211-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornella","family":"Parolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cAgostino Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Saccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Science and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. 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