{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:07:27Z","timestamp":1791608847648,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISCIII","award":["PI21\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00042"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII","award":["CPII21\/00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPII21\/00004"]}]},{"name":"ESF","award":["PI21\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00042"]}]},{"name":"ESF","award":["CPII21\/00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPII21\/00004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interstitial lung disease (ILD) constitutes the most critical comorbidity in autoimmune diseases (ADs) and its early diagnosis remains a challenge for clinicians. Accordingly, we evaluated whether E-selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1, key molecules in endothelial damage, could be useful biomarkers for the detection of AD-ILD+. We recruited patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-ILD+ (n = 21) and systemic sclerosis (SSc)-ILD+ (n = 21). We included comparison groups of patients: RA-ILD\u2212 (n = 25), SSc-ILD\u2212 (n = 20), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (n = 21). Serum levels of these proteins were determined by ELISA. E-selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 serum levels were increased in RA-ILD+ and IPF patients in comparison to RA-ILD\u2212 patients. Additionally, SSc-ILD+ and IPF patients exhibited higher ICAM-1 levels than those with SSc-ILD\u2212. The ability of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 to discriminate RA-ILD+ from RA-ILD\u2212 patients, and ICAM-1 to distinguish SSc-ILD+ from SSc-ILD\u2212 patients was confirmed using ROC curve analysis. Furthermore, elevated levels of ET-1 and E-selectin correlated with lung function decline in RA-ILD+ and SSc-ILD+ patients, respectively. In conclusion, our findings support the relevant role of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 in RA-ILD+ patients as well as of ICAM-1 in SSc-ILD+ patients, constituting potential screening blood biomarkers of ILD in AD. Moreover, this study suggests ET-1 and E-selectin as possible indicators of worsening lung function in RA-ILD+ and SSc-ILD+ patients, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T06:37:31Z","timestamp":1691390251000},"page":"12518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 Biomarkers Address the Concern of the Challenging Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3534-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Pulito-Cueto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4455-7241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Remuzgo-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Genre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7119-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Atienza-Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8161-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor M.","family":"Mora-Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Iturbe-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Lera-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Mora-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Cifri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Group, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital-Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, 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