{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:49:48Z","timestamp":1784306988834,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1903201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1903201"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31970321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970321"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31771413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771413"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31670298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31670298"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20191254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191254"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["IRT_14R27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT_14R27"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["U1903201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1903201"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["31970321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970321"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["31771413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771413"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["31670298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31670298"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["BK20191254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191254"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["IRT_14R27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT_14R27"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program from the MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of China","award":["U1903201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1903201"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program from the MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of China","award":["31970321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970321"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program from the MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of China","award":["31771413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771413"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program from the MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of China","award":["31670298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31670298"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program from the MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of China","award":["BK20191254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191254"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program from the MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of China","award":["IRT_14R27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT_14R27"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), as the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, is essential for the biosynthesis of shikonin in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. However, in the absence of sufficient data, the principles of a genome-wide in-depth evolutionary exploration of HMGR family members in plants, as well as key members related to shikonin biosynthesis, remain unidentified. In this study, 124 HMGRs were identified and characterized from 36 representative plants, including L. erythrorhizon. Vascular plants were found to have more HMGR family genes than nonvascular plants. The phylogenetic tree revealed that during lineage and species diversification, the HMGRs evolved independently and intronless LerHMGRs emerged from multi-intron HMGR in land plants. Among them, Pinus tabuliformis and L. erythrorhizon had the most HMGR gene duplications, with 11 LerHMGRs most likely expanded through WGD\/segmental and tandem duplications. In seedling roots and M9 cultured cells\/hairy roots, where shikonin biosynthesis occurs, LerHMGR1 and LerHMGR2 were expressed significantly more than other genes. The enzymatic activities of LerHMGR1 and LerHMGR2 further supported their roles in catalyzing the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Our findings provide insight into the molecular evolutionary properties and function of the HMGR family in plants and a basis for the genetic improvement of efficiently produced secondary metabolites in L. erythrorhizon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:26:39Z","timestamp":1691497599000},"page":"12532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Genome-Wide Comparison and Functional Characterization of HMGR Gene Family Associated with Shikonin Biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5481-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, 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