{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:51Z","timestamp":1760149371520,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","award":["PAPIIT IN228620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT IN228620"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria is the most lethal parasitic disease worldwide; the severity of symptoms and mortality are higher in men than in women, exhibiting an evident sexual dimorphism in the immune response; therefore, the contribution of 17\u03b2-estradiol and testosterone to this phenomenon has been studied. Both hormones differentially affect several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the precursor of both hormones and is the sexual steroid in higher concentrations in humans, with immunomodulatory properties in different parasitic diseases; however, the involvement of DHEA in this sexual dimorphism has not been studied. In the case of malaria, the only information is that higher levels of DHEA are associated with reduced Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the DHEA contribution to the sexual dimorphism of the immune response in malaria. We assessed the effect of modifying the concentration of DHEA on parasitemia, the number of immune cells in the spleen, cytokines, and antibody levels in plasma of CBA\/Ca mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (P. berghei ANKA). DHEA differentially affected the immune response in males and females: it decreased IFN-\u03b3, IL-2 and IL-4 concentrations only in females, whereas in gonadectomized males, it increased IgG2a and IgG3 antibodies. The results presented here show that DHEA modulates the immune response against Plasmodium differently in each sex, which helps to explain the sexual dimorphism present in malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:26:39Z","timestamp":1691497599000},"page":"12549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["DHEA Induces Sex-Associated Differential Patterns in Cytokine and Antibody Levels in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Fidel Orlando","family":"Buend\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica Computacional, S\u00edntesis y Farmacolog\u00eda de Mol\u00e9culas de Inter\u00e9s Biol\u00f3gico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Antonio","family":"Cervantes-Candelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica Computacional, S\u00edntesis y Farmacolog\u00eda de Mol\u00e9culas de Inter\u00e9s Biol\u00f3gico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Aguilar-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica Computacional, S\u00edntesis y Farmacolog\u00eda de Mol\u00e9culas de Inter\u00e9s Biol\u00f3gico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0271-2591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica Computacional, S\u00edntesis y Farmacolog\u00eda de Mol\u00e9culas de Inter\u00e9s Biol\u00f3gico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresita de Jes\u00fas","family":"Nolasco-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica Computacional, S\u00edntesis y Farmacolog\u00eda de Mol\u00e9culas de Inter\u00e9s Biol\u00f3gico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9454-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monserrat Sof\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica Computacional, S\u00edntesis y Farmacolog\u00eda de Mol\u00e9culas de Inter\u00e9s Biol\u00f3gico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Roberto","family":"Chavira-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto 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Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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