{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:05:54Z","timestamp":1769551554904,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP12117A7B4D7EA2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP12117A7B4D7EA2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FSE REACT-EU","award":["RP12117A7B4D7EA2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP12117A7B4D7EA2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, antibiotic misuse has emerged as an important risk factor for the appearance of multi-drug-resistant bacteria, and, recently, antimicrobial resistance has also been described in Chlamydia trachomatis as the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Herein, we investigated, for the first time, the antibacterial activity against C. trachomatis of a polyphenolic extract of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), alongside purified oleocanthal and oleacein, two of its main components, in natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES), a biocompatible solvent. The anti-chlamydial activity of olive-oil polyphenols (OOPs) was tested in the different phases of chlamydial developmental cycle by using an in vitro infection model. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analysis were performed for investigating potential alterations of adhesion and invasion, as well as morphology, of chlamydial elementary bodies (EBs) to host cells. The main result of our study is the anti-bacterial activity of OOPs towards C. trachomatis EBs down to a total polyphenol concentration of 1.7 \u03bcg\/mL, as shown by a statistically significant decrease (93.53%) of the total number of chlamydial-inclusion-forming units (p &lt; 0.0001). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analysis supported its anti-chlamydial effect, suggesting that OOP might damage the chlamydial outer layers, impairing their structural integrity and hindering EB capability to infect the host cell. In conclusion, OOPs may represent an interesting alternative therapeutic option toward C. trachomatis, although further studies are necessary for exploring its clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T10:20:16Z","timestamp":1691749216000},"page":"12701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extra Virgin Olive Oil-Based Formulations: A \u201cGreen\u201d Strategy against Chlamydia trachomatis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-8588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Filardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Mattioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9761-3326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Bozzuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5847","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42396-3","article-title":"Growth Kinetics of Chlamydia trachomatis in Primary Human Sertoli Cells","volume":"9","author":"Filardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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