{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:49:21Z","timestamp":1788468561159,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004772","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AAC03100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AAC03100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004772","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AAC03201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AAC03201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pyroptosis is a host immune strategy to defend against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. S100A4, a calcium-binding protein that plays an important role in promoting cancer progression as well as the pathophysiological development of various non-tumor diseases, has not been explored in Mtb-infected hosts. In this study, transcriptome analysis of the peripheral blood of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) revealed that S100A4 and GSDMD were significantly up-regulated in PTB patients\u2019 peripheral blood. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the expression of GSDMD and S100A4. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes between PTB patients and healthy controls were significantly related to inflammation, such as the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. To investigate the regulatory effects of S100A4 on macrophage pyroptosis, THP-1 macrophages infected with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) were pre-treated with exogenous S100A4, S100A4 inhibitor or si-S100A4. This research study has shown that S100A4 promotes the pyroptosis of THP-1 macrophages caused by BCG infection and activates NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways, which can be inhibited by knockdown or inhibition of S100A4. In addition, inhibition of NF-\u03baB or NLRP3 blocks the promotion effect of S100A4 on BCG-induced pyroptosis of THP-1 macrophages. In conclusion, S100A4 activates the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway to promote macrophage pyroptosis induced by Mtb infection. These data provide new insights into how S100A4 affects Mtb-induced macrophage pyroptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T12:10:30Z","timestamp":1691755830000},"page":"12709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["S100A4 Promotes BCG-Induced Pyroptosis of Macrophages by Activating the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyi","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boli","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6317-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9258-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinrui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAI-0001-2019","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Bacterial Fitness within the Host Macrophage","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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