{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:33:02Z","timestamp":1789500782312,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten in a genetically susceptible individual. Currently, a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only recommended treatment. However, unintentional gluten ingestion or a persistent villous atrophy with malabsorption (regardless of a strict GFD) as in the case of Refractory Celiac Disease (RCD) represents a major issue. In this review, we have analysed and discussed data from both randomized controlled trials and observational studies concerning adjunctive therapies as well as novel therapies for the treatment of CD and RCD. The literature search was carried out through Medline and Scopus. In total, 2268 articles have been identified and 49 were included in this review (36 studies resulting from the search strategy and 13 from other sources). Today, GFD remains the only effective treatment, although steroids, mesalamine, and more recently biological therapies have found space in the complex management of RCD. Currently, studies evaluating the effectiveness of novel therapies are still limited and preliminary results have been controversial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:06:16Z","timestamp":1692097576000},"page":"12800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Old and New Adjunctive Therapies in Celiac Disease and Refractory Celiac Disease: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Valvano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Monaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Mancusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Frassino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Rolandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Faenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Sgamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Cesaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Latella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0582","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disease: Immunopathogenesis of celiac disease","volume":"3","author":"Jabri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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