{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:44:55Z","timestamp":1790808295991,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"F.R.S.-FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7.6520.22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7.6520.22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"F.R.S.-FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Walloon Region","award":["7.6520.22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7.6520.22"]}]},{"name":"Walloon Region","award":["7289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7289"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor-associated macrophages are key components of the tumor microenvironment and play important roles in the progression of head and neck cancer, leading to the development of effective strategies targeting immune cells in tumors. Our study demonstrated the prognostic potential of a new scoring system (Macroscore) based on the combination of the ratio and the sum of the high and low densities of M1 (CD80+) and M2 (CD163+) macrophages in a series of head and neck cancer patients, including a training population (n = 54) and a validation population (n = 19). Interestingly, the Macroscore outperformed TNM criteria and p16 status, showing a significant association with poor patient prognosis, and demonstrated significant predictive value for overall survival. Additionally, 3D coculture spheroids were established to analyze the crosstalk between cancer cells and monocytes\/macrophages. Our data revealed that cancer cells can induce monocyte differentiation into protumoral M2 macrophages, creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This coculture also induced the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL10 and IL8, known to promote M2 polarization. Finally, we validated the ability of the macrophage subpopulations to induce apoptosis (M1) or support proliferation (M2) of cancer cells. Overall, our research highlights the potential of the Macroscore as a valuable prognostic biomarker to enhance the clinical management of patients and underscores the relevance of a spheroid model in gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer cell\u2013macrophage interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:06:16Z","timestamp":1692097576000},"page":"12813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Macrophage Profiling in Head and Neck Cancer to Improve Patient Prognosis and Assessment of Cancer Cell\u2013Macrophage Interactions Using Three-Dimensional Coculture Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nour","family":"Mhaidly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Journe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institute Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0631-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Najem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institute Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Trelcat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7721-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Dequanter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Pierre, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3655-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Saussez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Pierre, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Descamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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