{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:50:27Z","timestamp":1780552227166,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guizhou province \u201cHundred\u201d level innovative talent training project","award":["QKHPTRC-GCC [2022]034-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHPTRC-GCC [2022]034-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound healing is a complex, dynamic process supported by a myriad of cellular events that must be tightly coordinated to efficiently repair damaged tissue. These wounds are a significant socioeconomic burden due to their high prevalence and recurrence, which is why the phenomenon of wounds has also been labeled as a \u201cSilent Epidemic\u201d. Most of these wounds become \u201cchronic\u201d, with around 15% of them remaining unresolved 1-year post incidence, which results in a prolonged yet avoidable burden to patients, families, and the health system. In this experimental study, we tried to purify the potent components in chick early amniotic fluid (ceAF) and applied these components to the wound healing mechanism. We first subjected ceAF to a series of purifications, including an HPLC purification system along with ion-exchange chromatography technology to purify other potential components. Upon narrowing down, we found two structural analogs: guanosine and deoxyinosine. We performed these components\u2019 cell scratch and trans-well migration assays to validate the accurate dosage. We also assessed these components via topical administration on the skin of murine model wounds. For this, we randomly divided C57BL\/6 (all black, male, 5 weeks old) mice into groups. The wound model was established through excising the skin of mice and treated the wounds with different fractions of guanosine and deoxyinosine continuously for 8\u201310 day intervals. Once the healing was complete, the skin was excised to determine the inflammatory response and other biochemical parameters of the healed skin, including epidermal thickness, collagen density, macrophages, and neutrophil infiltration at the wounded site. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot assays were performed to determine active gene expression and protein expression of proinflammatory molecules, growth factors, and cytokines. All these findings support our data indicating the promising healing properties of guanosine and deoxyinosine isolated from ceAF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:06:16Z","timestamp":1692097576000},"page":"12817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Guanosine and Deoxyinosine Structural Analogs Extracted from Chick Early Amniotic Fluid Promote Cutaneous Wound Healing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mashaal","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550031, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550031, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 204236, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550031, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 204236, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550031, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 204236, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zara Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Bio-Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3812-8814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550031, China"},{"name":"The Center for Translational Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6839-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550031, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 204236, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200223","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200223","article-title":"Wound healing: Cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21345","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA03477A","article-title":"Wound healing strategies based on nanoparticles incorporated in hydrogel wound patches","volume":"13","author":"Dam","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12683","article-title":"The humanistic and economic burden of chronic wounds: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Olsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199307000-00011","article-title":"Regulation of Fibroplasia in Cutaneous Wound Repair","volume":"306","author":"Clark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. 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