{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:13:35Z","timestamp":1791810815362,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucagon exerts effects on the mammalian heart. These effects include alterations in the force of contraction, beating rate, and changes in the cardiac conduction system axis. The cardiac effects of glucagon vary according to species, region, age, and concomitant disease. Depending on the species and region studied, the contractile effects of glucagon can be robust, modest, or even absent. Glucagon is detected in the mammalian heart and might act with an autocrine or paracrine effect on the cardiac glucagon receptors. The glucagon levels in the blood and glucagon receptor levels in the heart can change with disease or simultaneous drug application. Glucagon might signal via the glucagon receptors but, albeit less potently, glucagon might also signal via glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptors (GLP1-receptors). Glucagon receptors signal in a species- and region-dependent fashion. Small molecules or antibodies act as antagonists to glucagon receptors, which may become an additional treatment option for diabetes mellitus. Hence, a novel review of the role of glucagon and the glucagon receptors in the mammalian heart, with an eye on the mouse and human heart, appears relevant. Mouse hearts are addressed here because they can be easily genetically modified to generate mice that may serve as models for better studying the human glucagon receptor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:09:44Z","timestamp":1692097784000},"page":"12829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Glucagon and Its Receptors in the Mammalian Heart"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Joachim","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Stra\u00dfe 4, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britt","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mid-German Heart Center, University Hospital Halle, Ernst Grube Stra\u00dfe 40, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Dhein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudolf-Boehm Institut f\u00fcr Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, H\u00e4rtelstra\u00dfe 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Gergs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Stra\u00dfe 4, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2015.03.011","article-title":"Glucagon\u2014Early breakthroughs and recent discoveries","volume":"67","year":"2015","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77423-7","article-title":"Fractionation and characterization of a cyclic adenine ribonucleotide formed by tissue particles","volume":"232","author":"Sutherland","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. 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