{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:26:39Z","timestamp":1760149599049,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novartis Pharma AG","award":["UL1TR001412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001412"]}]},{"name":"Toshiba Canada Medical Systems Limited","award":["UL1TR001412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001412"]}]},{"name":"SynchroPET Inc.","award":["UL1TR001412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001412"]}]},{"name":"Novartis","award":["UL1TR001412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001412"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Siponimod (Sp) is a Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, and it suppresses S1P- mediated autoimmune lymphocyte transport and inflammation. Theiler\u2019s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits inflammation-driven acute and chronic phases, spinal cord lesions, brain and spinal cord atrophy, and white matter injury. The objective of the study was to investigate whether Sp treatment could attenuate inflammation-induced pathology in the TMEV model by inhibiting microglial activation and preventing the atrophy of central nervous tissue associated with neurodegeneration. Clinical disability score (CDS), body weight (BW), and rotarod retention time measures were used to assess Sp\u2019s impact on neurodegeneration and disease progression in 4 study groups of 102 animals, including 44 Sp-treated (SpT), 44 vehicle-treated, 6 saline-injected, and 8 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Next, 58 (22 SpT, 22 vehicle, 6 saline injected, and 8 HC) out of the 102 animals were further evaluated to assess the effect of Sp on brain region-specific and spinal cord volume changes, as well as microglial activation. Sp increased CDS and decreased BW and rotarod retention time in TMEV mice, but did not significantly affect most brain region volumes, except for lateral ventricle volume. Sp suppressed ventricular enlargement, suggesting reduced TMEV-induced inflammation in LV. No significant differences in spine volume changes were observed between Sp- and vehicle-treated animals, but there were differences between HC and TMEV groups, indicating TMEV-induced inflammation contributed to increased spine volume. Spine histology revealed no significant microglial density differences between groups in gray matter, but HC animals had higher type 1 morphology and lower type 2 morphology percentages in gray and white matter regions. This suggests that Sp did not significantly affect microglial density but may have modulated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. Sp may have some effects on neuroinflammation and ventricular enlargement. However, it did not demonstrate a significant impact on neurodegeneration, spinal volume, or lesion volume in the TMEV mouse model. Further investigation is required to fully understand Sp\u2019s effect on microglial activation and its relevance to the pathophysiology of MS. The differences between the current study and previous research using other MS models, such as EAE, highlight the differences in pathological processes in these two disease models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:33:11Z","timestamp":1692581591000},"page":"12990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Siponimod on Brain and Spinal Cord Imaging Markers of Neurodegeneration in the Theiler\u2019s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Model of Demyelination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Suyog","family":"Pol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravendra","family":"Dhanraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anissa","family":"Taher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateo","family":"Crever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Charbonneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0399-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Schweser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7799-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Zivadinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11709-y","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis optic neuritis and trans-synaptic pathology on cortical thinning in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"270","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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