{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T18:14:50Z","timestamp":1789236890732,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":253,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EDCTP2 programme","award":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"]}]},{"name":"NRF","award":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"]}]},{"name":"MRC","award":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"]}]},{"name":"PRF","award":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"]}]},{"name":"South African DSI and CSIR","award":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"]}]},{"name":"University of Cape Town","award":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The two oncogenic human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) cause significant disease burden, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals. Both viruses display latent and lytic phases of their life cycle with different outcomes for their associated pathologies. The high prevalence of infectious diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly HIV\/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and more recently, COVID-19, as well as their associated inflammatory responses, could potentially impact either virus\u2019 infectious course. However, acute or lytically active EBV and\/or KSHV infections often present with symptoms mimicking these predominant diseases leading to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of oncogenic herpesvirus-associated pathologies. EBV and\/or KSHV infections are generally acquired early in life and remain latent until lytic reactivation is triggered by various stimuli. This review summarizes known associations between infectious agents prevalent in SSA and underlying EBV and\/or KSHV infection. While presenting an overview of both viruses\u2019 biphasic life cycles, this review aims to highlight the importance of co-infections in the correct identification of risk factors for and diagnoses of EBV- and\/or KSHV-associated pathologies, particularly in SSA, where both oncogenic herpesviruses as well as other infectious agents are highly pervasive and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T08:58:54Z","timestamp":1692694734000},"page":"13066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Impact of Co-Infections for Human Gammaherpesvirus Infection and Associated Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Prishanta","family":"Chinna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Bratl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humaira","family":"Lambarey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Blumenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/1521654031000070645","article-title":"Herpes virus replication","volume":"55","author":"Boehmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22766","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.22766","article-title":"Herpesviruses: Latency and reactivation\u2013viral strategies and host response","volume":"5","author":"Grinde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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