{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:17:51Z","timestamp":1791389871152,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) refers to two or more miscarriages before 20 weeks gestation. Its prevalence is 1\u20132%; its pathogenesis remains unexplained in more than 50% of cases, in which the cause is thought to be abnormal immune activity during placentation leading to a lack of pregnancy-induced immune tolerance. It is unknown whether immune activity is deranged in the endometrium of women with RPL. We studied the gene expression and the quantitative tissue protein levels of three immune checkpoints (CD276, which enhances cytotoxic T-cell activity, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 [CTL-4], which reduces Th1 cytokine production, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 [LAG-3], which shows suppressive activity on Tregs and CD4+ T-cells) in endometrial samples from 27 women with unexplained RPL and in 29 women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding and previous uneventful pregnancies as controls. RNA isolation, real-time PCR, protein isolation, and ELISA were performed. CD276 gene expression and protein tissue levels were significantly lower in the endometrium of the RPL group than in the controls, whereas both CTL-4 and LAG-3 were significantly higher. This difference suggests defective endometrial immune regulation and overactivation of immune response in women with a history of RPL, at least in relation to controls with dysfunctional uterine bleeding and previous normal reproductive history.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T08:58:54Z","timestamp":1692694734000},"page":"13071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Immune Checkpoints in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: New Insights into a Detrimental and Elusive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9617-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Marozio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9115-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Nuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Gullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie M.","family":"Canuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Tancredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Goia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0563-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Cosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5797-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Revelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 1, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ticconi, C., Pietropolli, A., Di Simone, N., Piccione, E., and Fazleabas, A. 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