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Our perusal of the literature reveals that most variants were able to escape neutralizing antibodies developed after immunization or natural exposure, pointing to the need for a sustainable technological solution to overcome this crisis. This review, therefore, focuses on nanotechnology and the development of antiviral nanomaterials with physical antagonistic features of viral replication checkpoints as such a solution. Our detailed discussion of SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis highlights four distinct checkpoints, the S protein (ACE2 receptor coupling), the RBD motif (ACE2 receptor coupling), ACE2 coupling, and the S protein cleavage site, as targets for the development of nano-enabled solutions that, for example, prevent viral attachment and fusion with the host cell by either blocking viral RBD\/spike proteins or cellular ACE2 receptors. As proof of this concept, we highlight applications of several nanomaterials, such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon dots, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based, polymer-based, lipid\u2013polymer hybrid-based, surface-modified nanoparticles that have already been employed to control viral infections. These nanoparticles were developed to inhibit receptor-mediated host\u2013virus attachments and cell fusion, the uncoating of the virus, viral gene expression, protein synthesis, the assembly of progeny viral particles, and the release of the virion. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used as antiviral drug carriers and vaccines, and nano-enabled sensors have already been shown to enable fast, sensitive, and label-free real-time diagnosis of viral infections. Nano-biosensors could, therefore, also be useful in the remote testing and tracking of patients, while nanocarriers probed with target tissue could facilitate the targeted delivery of antiviral drugs to infected cells, tissues, organs, or systems while avoiding unwanted exposure of non-target tissues. Antiviral nanoparticles can also be applied to sanitizers, clothing, facemasks, and other personal protective equipment to minimize horizontal spread. We believe that the nanotechnology-enabled solutions described in this review will enable us to control repeated SAR-CoV-2 waves caused by antibody escape mutations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:06:48Z","timestamp":1692871608000},"page":"13130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nano-Enabled Antivirals for Overcoming Antibody Escaped Mutations Based SARS-CoV-2 Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8550-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aminur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar Jyotirmoy","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gautam Kumar","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taehyeong","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saifur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mst. Khudishta","family":"Aktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Isahak","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-024X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Abdul","family":"Kafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Woo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01633-w","article-title":"Evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2023). 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